Methods and apparatus for auditing signage

ABSTRACT

Example methods and apparatus for auditing signage are disclosed. A disclosed example method involves directing an operator to a signage location and capturing an image of a signage at the signage location. The example method also includes detecting an actual characteristic of the signage based on the image and comparing the actual characteristic to an expected characteristic.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to media exposure measurement systemsand, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for auditing signage.

BACKGROUND

Product manufacturers, service providers, and advertisers are ofteninterested in consumer exposure to advertisements such as billboards,signs, and/or other indoor and/or outdoor public advertising. Knowntechniques for monitoring consumer exposure to advertisements includeconducting surveys and/or counting consumers or quantifying amounts oftraffic that pass by advertisements. To develop such surveys and tocorrelate passersby traffic with advertisement content, informationabout the advertisements of interest should be accurately recorded togenerate meaningful exposure study results.

It is often difficult to obtain accurate records that correctly reflectcontent, location, etc. of physical advertisements (e.g., billboardmedia, poster media, mural media, etc.) because such advertisements areconstantly changing and are owned by many different advertisement mediacompanies, some of which may not keep accurate records of theirdisplayed advertisements and/or may not provide access to their records.In some instances, government agencies may sometimes conduct surveys ofadvertisement media locations within different municipalities. However,such survey information may quickly become outdated and/or inaccurateand/or may not contain as much detailed information as would be desiredto conduct advertisement exposure studies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example media site data collectionsystem used to collect media site information as described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example data structure that may be used toimplement an example site database of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example apparatus that may be used toimplement an example survey planner of the example media site datacollection system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an example graphical user interface display that may be usedto implement a display of the survey planner of FIGS. 1 and 3.

FIG. 5A depicts a block diagram of an example apparatus that may be usedto implement an example mobile assisted survey tool of the example mediasite data collection system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B depicts a block diagram of an example user-interface apparatusof the example mobile assisted survey tool of FIG. 5A.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D illustrate example structural configurationsthat may be used to implement the example mobile assisted survey tool ofFIGS. 1 and 5A.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example apparatus that may be used toimplement an example site data merger of the example media site datacollection system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C depict example user interfaces that may beimplemented in connection with the example site data merger of FIG. 7 toshow locations of surveyed media sites in connection with media sitedata and to enable users to verify and/or update the media site data.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an example data structure that may be used torepresent media site data for use by the example site data merger ofFIGS. 1 and 7.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example user interface that may be used todisplay alternative images of a surveyed media site and verify collectedmedia site data.

FIGS. 11 and 12 are flowcharts representative of machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example media sitedata collection system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the example survey planner of FIGS. 1and 3.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the example site data merger of FIGS.1 and 7.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the example mobile assisted surveytool of FIGS. 1, 5A and 6A-6D.

FIG. 16 illustrates a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systemshowing a plurality of dimensions that may be used to determine alocation of a media site based on a location of an observer.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example processor platform that may beused and/or programmed to implement the example processes of FIGS. 11-15to implement any or all of the example media site data collectionsystem, the example survey planner, the example site data merger and/orthe example mobile assisted survey tool described herein.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example auditing system used to auditsignage.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the example auditing system of FIG.18.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example media site data collectionsystem used to collect media site information as described herein. Theexample media site data collection system 100 collects data from one ormore sources to form a database of media site data 105 (e.g., media sitedata records). Example media sites include any number and/or types ofindoor and/or outdoor advertisement sites (e.g., billboards, posters,banners, sides of buildings, walls of bus stops, walls of subwaystations, walls of train stations, store name signage, etc.) and/orcommercial sites or establishments (e.g., shopping centers, shoppingmalls, sports arenas, etc.). For each media site, the example media sitedatabase 105 includes one or more data records that store, among otherthings, values that represent the location of the media site (e.g.,geo-code location data), values that represent the direction the mediasite faces, values that represent whether the media site is illuminated,and/or an owner name and owner ID number for that site, if available. Anexample data structure 200 that may be used to implement the examplesite database 105 of FIG. 1 is described below in connection with FIG.2.

Media site data stored in the example site database 105 of FIG. 1 may beused by, for example, outdoor advertisers to measure and/or establishwith scientific and verifiable accuracy the reach of their outdoor mediasites. For example, in a study to determine consumer exposure toadvertisement sites, a study participant and/or respondent carries (orwears) a satellite positioning system (SPS) receiver (not shown) thatperiodically (e.g., every 4 to 5 seconds) acquires and receives aplurality of signals transmitted by a plurality of SPS satellites anduses the plurality of received signals to calculate a current geographiclocation (i.e., a position fix) for the respondent and a current time ofday. The SPS receiver sequentially stores the result of each positionfix (e.g., geo-code location data and the time of day and, if desired,the date) for later processing by a computing device (not shown).Example SPS receivers operate in accordance with one or both of the U.S.Global Positioning System (GPS) or the European Galileo System. Thecomputing device correlates and/or compares the stored sequence ofposition fixes with locations of media sites represented by the sitedatabase 105 to determine if one or more of the media sites should becredited as having been exposed to a person (i.e., whether it isreasonable to conclude that the wearer of the monitoring device (i.e.,the SPS receiver) was exposed to the one or more media sites). Examplesystems and methods to determine media site exposure are described inInternational Publication No. WO 2006/015339, entitled “Methods andApparatus for Improving the Accuracy and Reach of Electronic MediaExposure Measurement Systems,” and filed on Jul. 29, 2005; InternationalPublication No. WO 2006/015188, entitled “Methods and Apparatus forImproving the Accuracy and Reach of Electronic Media ExposureMeasurement Systems,” and filed on Jul. 29, 2005; and U.S. PatentPublication No. US 2004/0080452, entitled “Satellite Positioning SystemEnabled Media Measurement System and Method,” and filed on Oct. 16,2003. International Publication No. WO 20061015339, InternationalPublication No. WO 2006/015188, and U.S. Patent Publication No. US2004/0080452 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

The accuracy of media exposure measurement systems and methods dependsupon the accuracy and/or completeness of the media site data stored inthe site database 105. For example, if the location of a particularmedia site stored in the site database 105 is in error, the media sitemay be credited with exposures that have not actually occurred and/ormay not be credited with exposures that have occurred. Accordingly, theexample media site data collection system 100 of FIG. 1 is configured touse data from multiple sources to compile media site data that is ascomplete and as accurate as technically and/or practically feasible. Forexample, data from a first source (which may not be complete) may becombined with data from a second source (which may not be complete) tocreate a more complete site database record for a particular media site.In addition, data from a media site source may be verified using datafrom another source to verify the accuracy of the data from the mediasite source and/or to modify and/or update the data in the media sitesource. As described below, data from multiple sources may be combined,verified, modified and/or used in any number of ways.

Example media site data sources include, but are not limited to,government records 110, a mobile assisted survey tool (MAST) 111,third-party still and/or moving images 112 and/or one or more members ofa field force 113 (e.g., using the MAST 111). Example government records110 include site licensing applications, documents and/or records (e.g.,conditional use permits, plot plans, building permits, certificates ofoccupancy, etc.) that may be collected from, for instance, any numberand/or type(s) of county and/or city offices responsible for enforcingbuilding and/or zoning rules and/or regulations. Government records 110may also include media site data from surveys performed by a governmentagency and/or a government contractor. In the illustrated example, themedia site data collection system 100 is configured to be used tomanually retrieve data pertaining to media sites from paper copies ofthe government records 110 and manually enter hie retrieved data intothe site database 105 via, for example, a user interface (e.g., providedby a site data merger 120). However, in other example implementations,data from electronic government records 110 could be electronicallycaptured and/or imported into the site database 105.

The example MAST 111 of FIG. 1 is a mobile apparatus that includes anelectronic range finder, a camera, an SPS receiver, and a compass suchthat a user of the MAST 111 can capture and/or record locationinformation, direction-facing information, illumination information,and/or other data for a media site. The captured media site data isdownloaded from the example MAST 111 to the example site data merger 120on an occasional, periodic, and/or real-time basis. The example MAST 111is used by members of the example field force 113 and can be implementedusing 1) a platform that is attached and/or affixed to the top of anautomobile, truck, etc., 2) a platform that can be hand-carried, and/or3) a platform that is attached and/or affixed to a human-powered vehicleor low-speed vehicles (e.g., bicycles, kick scooters, Segway® personaltransporters, etc.). Any number and/or type(s) of data transferdevice(s), protocol(s) and/or technique(s) can be used to downloadcaptured media site data from the MAST 111 to the site data merger 120.For example, the MAST 111 can be attached to the site data merger 120using a universal serial bus (USB) connection, a Bluetooth® connection,and/or removable storage device drivers executing on the MAST 111 and/orthe site data merger 120. While a single MAST 111 is illustrated in FIG.1, in other example implementations any number and/or types of mobileassisted survey tools could be used to collected media site data. Forexample, multiple persons each having a MAST 111 could be used tocollect media site data for a geographic area. An example manner ofimplementing the example MAST 111 is described below in connection withFIGS. 5A and 6A-6D.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, third-party still and/or movingimages 112 (e.g., video images, motion JPEG, etc.) are electronicallyacquired from any number and/or type(s) of third parties and/or thirdparty tools such as, for example, web sites, Google® Earth mappingservice, Microsoft® Virtual Map and/or Pictometry® Electronic FieldStudy software. In other example implementations, the images 112 may beobtained in paper form and scanned into or otherwise converted to anelectronic format suitable for use by the example site data merger 120.In the illustrated example, the example images 112 are provided for useby the site data merger 120 and/or a user of the site data merger 120 toverify and/or modify media site information and/or data collected by theexample MAST 111. The example images 112 may be any type(s) of imagesincluding, for example, photographs (e.g., satellite photographs, aerialphotographs, terrestrial photographs, etc.), illustrations and/orcomputer-generated images.

The example field force 113 of FIG. 1 includes one or more persons thatphysically survey a designated market area (DMA). Such persons may bedirectly employed by a company operating, utilizing and/or implementingthe site database 105, and/or may include contractors hired by thecompany. In the illustrated example, members of the example field force113 visit media sites to collect media site data using the example MAST111 or an apparatus substantially similar to the MAST 111, which may bea pedestrian-based MAST or a vehicular-based MAST. In other exampleimplementations, the members of the field force 113 can use anyautomated, electronic and/or manual tools and/or methods other than theMAST 111 to collect the media site data.

To merge and/or collect data from one or more of the data sources110-113, the example media site data collection system 100 includes thesite data merger 120. The example site data merger 120 receives datafrom (and/or inputs based upon) one or more of the media site datasources 110-113 to form the media site data stored in the example sitedatabase 105. In the illustrated example, the site data merger 120 isconfigured to provide one or more user interfaces that allow users to 1)input media site data collected from government records 110, 2) importdata from the example MAST 111, and/or 3) overlay media site data (e.g.,collected using the MAST 111 and/or collected from other sources such asthe government records 110) on top of one or more of the example images112. Example implementations of user interfaces to allow a user tooverlay the media site data on top of one or more of the example images112 are described below in connection with FIGS. 8A-8C and 10. In theillustrated example, the user interfaces are implemented using theGoogle® Earth mapping service tool. In other example implementations,any other mapping tool may alternatively be used including, for example,Pictometry® Electronic Field Study software or Microsoft® Virtual Earth.In the illustrated examples, the user interfaces of FIGS. 8A-8C and 10also enable a user to verify the accuracy of collected media site dataand, if necessary, modify and/or correct the media site data based uponthe images 112.

While the media site data collection system 100 is described herein ashaving a single site data merger 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1, in otherexample implementations, the media site data collection system 100 canbe implemented using two or more site data mergers 120 using two or morecomputing platforms that operate and/or interact with the example sitedatabase 105. For example, a first site data merger can be used to entermedia site data collected from the government records 110, a second sitedata merger can be used to import media site data collected using theMAST 111, and a third site data merger can be used to display, verifyand/or modify collected media site data using, for example, thethird-party images 112.

To partition a DMA for surveying (e.g., using the MAST 111), the examplemedia site data collection system 100 includes a survey planner 130. Adetailed block diagram of an example implementation of the surveyplanner 130 is described below in connection with FIG. 3. The examplesurvey planner 130 uses data from the example government records 110and/or the example images 112 to categorize different geographic areasas dense areas or sparse areas (e.g., dispersed areas). In addition, theplanner can exclude areas in which zoning prohibits outdoor advertising.In the illustrated examples described herein, the geographic areas arecategorized in this manner to determine how they will be surveyed. Forexample, areas designated as dense areas are surveyed by pedestriansurveyors using pedestrian-based MAST's and areas designated as sparseareas are surveyed by vehicular surveyors using vehicular-based MAST's.Pedestrian-based MAST's or similar MAST's may be used by members of thefield force 113 that move by walking, riding a bike, or using any othertransport equipment (e.g., a Segway®, a kick scooter, etc.) that isrelatively more maneuverable in a dense area than a vehicle and moreappropriate for use in a pedestrian environment (e.g., sidewalks,walkways, bike paths, etc.). Vehicular-based MAST's are mounted onmotorized vehicles (e.g., automobiles, cars, trucks, etc.).

Dense areas are areas characteristic of having relatively more mediasites for a given measured area than sparse areas. Dense areas may alsobe areas having relatively more activity (e.g., high traffic count)and/or which are relatively more densely populated with people,structures, advertisements, etc. than sparse areas such that using avehicular-based MAST would be difficult or impossible. For example,dense areas may include inner-city neighborhoods or business districts,shopping districts, indoor areas of commercial establishments, etc. Thedense areas are surveyed using pedestrian-based MAST's becausepedestrians are relatively more agile and flexible for maneuvering andpositioning cameras in a densely populated or activity-rich area thanare vehicles. Sparse areas are areas characteristic of having relativelyless media sites per a given measured area. Sparse areas may also beareas characteristic of having relatively less activity (e.g., lowtraffic count) and/or which are relatively less densely populated withpeople, structures, advertisements, etc. than dense areas. For example,sparse areas may include rural roads, highway areas, etc. The sparseareas are surveyed using vehicular-based MAST's because vehicles cancover larger geographic areas faster than pedestrians. In some exampleimplementations, geographic areas that might otherwise be categorized assparse areas, may nonetheless by surveyed using pedestrian-based MAST'sif, for example, characteristics (e.g., traffic, low speed limit, etc.)make it difficult for an automobile to be maneuvered while the MAST 111is operated and/or the speed at which the traffic is moving might limitthe effectiveness of the MAST 111.

In the illustrated example, the example survey planner 130 of FIG. 1 isconfigured to present a user interface (e.g., the user interface 400 ofFIG. 4) that has zoning and traffic count data overlaid on top of a mapand/or image of a geographic area. In the illustrated examples describedherein, a traffic count is a count of all movements for cars, trucks,buses and/or pedestrians per geographic area for a given duration. Theareas that are, for example, zoned for commercial and/or retail use andhave high traffic counts are designated as dense areas. Once dense areasand sparse areas are identified, they can be sub-divided and/or assignedto particular members of the field force 113 for surveying. As discussedabove, members of the field force 113 assigned to survey sparse areaswill do so using vehicle-based MAST's (e.g., the MAST 111 of FIGS.6A-6D), and members of the field force 113 assigned to survey denseareas will do so using pedestrian-based MAST's.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example data structure 200 that may be used toimplement a media site data record of the example site database 105 ofFIG. 1 for a media site. To identify the media site, the example datastructure 200 includes a panel identifier field 204. The example panelidentifier field 204 of FIG. 2 includes a value and/or alphanumericstring that uniquely identifies the media site and is used to associatethe media site with a DMA. To identify an owner of the media site (e.g.,the owner of an advertisement at the media site), the example datastructure 200 includes an owner name field 208. The example owner namefield 208 includes an alphanumeric string that represents the owner ofthe media site. To indicate whether the media site is along a roadway,the example data structure 200 includes an on-road field 212. Theexample on-road field 212 includes a flag that can have one of twovalues (e.g., YES or NO) that represents whether the media site is alonga roadway. To identify a primary road that the media site is along (ifany), the example data structure 200 includes a primary road field 216.The example primary road field 216 includes an alphanumeric string thatrepresents the name of a road. If the media site is not along a road(e.g., the on-road field 212 contains a NO flag value), the primary roadfield 216 may be left blank. To identify a nearest crossroad (if any),the example data structure 200 includes a cross street field 220. Theexample cross street field 220 includes an alphanumeric string thatrepresents the name of the nearest crossroad to the media site. If themedia site is not along a road (e.g., the on-road field 212 contains aNO flag value), the cross street field 220 may be left blank.

To specify the direction towards which the media site is facing, theexample data structure 200 includes a direction facing field 224. Theexample direction facing field 224 includes a value that represents thedirection towards which the media site is facing (e.g., a number indegrees). In the illustrated examples described herein, the examplemedia site data collection system 100 of FIG. 1 determines the mediasite facing direction relative to true North (e.g., calculated from thegeographic offset from magnetic North). The direction towards which amedia site is facing can be calculated using a line drawn perpendicularto the face of the media site and outwards or away from the media site.

To specify the location of the media site, the example data structure200 includes a GPS North-South coordinate field 228 and a GPS East-Westcoordinate field 232. The example North-South coordinate field 228contains a value that represents the North-South location of the mediasite as determined from received GPS signals (i.e., the latitude of themedia site). The example East-West coordinate field 232 contains a valuethat represents the East-West location of the media site as determinedfrom received GPS signals (i.e., the longitude of the media site).

To specify the potential error in the GPS position fix represented bythe coordinate fields 228 and 232, the example data structure 200includes an estimated position error field 236. The example estimatedposition error field 236 includes a value that represents the potentialerror in the coordinates represented by the example coordinate fields228 and 232 (e.g., in units of feet or degrees). The value stored in theestimated position error field 236 may be computed using anyalgorithm(s), logic and/or method(s) based on, for example, the numberand/or strength of received UPS signals. For example, if a GPS positionfix was determined using relatively few UPS signals or GPS signals withlow signal strength, the error in location may be larger.

To specify on which side of a road the media site is located (if any),the example data structure 200 includes a side of road field 240. Theexample side of road field 240 includes a flag that represents on whichside of the primary road the media site is located. If the media site isnot along a road (e.g., the on-road field 212 contains a NO flag value),the side of road field 240 may be left blank. To specify the angle ofthe media site relative to a road (if any), the example data structure200 includes an angle to road field 244. The example angle to road field244 includes a value that represents (e.g., in degrees) the angle themedia site faces relative to the road. If the media site is not along aroad (e.g., the on-road field 212 contains a NO flag value), the angleto road field 244 may be left blank.

To specify whether the media site is illuminated, the example datastructure 200 includes an illumination field 248. The exampleillumination field 248 includes a value that represents the number ofhours per day that the media site is illuminated (e.g., 0 hours, 12hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, etc.). To specify the type of the media site,the example data structure 200 includes a panel type field 252. Theexample panel type field 252 includes a value and/or an alphanumericstring that represents a media site type (e.g., a billboard type, abus-shelter type, an 8-sheet poster type, a 30-sheet poster type, awall-mural type, a 3-D prop type, etc.). To specify the size of themedia site, the example data structure 200 includes a panel size field256. The example panel size field 256 includes a value that representsthe size of the media site measured vertically, horizontally and/ordiagonally (e.g., 6 feet, 24 feet, etc.). To specify the distance of themedia site from a road (if any), the example data structure 200 includesa distance from road field 260. The example distance from road field 260includes a value that represents the distance of the media site from theprimary road (e.g., in feet or meters). If the media site is not along aroad (e.g., the on-road field 212 contains a NO flag value), thedistance from road field 260 may be left blank.

To identify the province in which the media site is located, the exampledata structure 200 includes a province name field 264. The exampleprovince name field 264 includes an alphanumeric string that representsthe name of the district, county, parish or province in which the mediasite is located. To identify the city in which the media site islocated, the example data structure 200 includes a city name field 268.The example city name field 268 includes an alphanumeric string thatrepresents the name of the city in which the media site is located. Toidentify a secondary road from which the media site can be viewed (ifany), the example data structure 200 includes a secondary road field272. The example secondary road field 272 includes an alphanumericstring that represents the name of the secondary road from which themedia site is visible. If the media site is not visible to any secondaryroads, the secondary road field 272 may be left blank. To identify thepostal area in which the media site is located, the example datastructure 200 includes a postal code field 276. The example postal codefield 276 includes an alphanumeric string that represents the postalcode (e.g., a zipcode) for the geographic area in which the media siteis located.

To identify any obstructions of the media site, the example datastructure 200 includes a clutter field 280. The example clutter field280 includes one or more alphanumeric strings that describe anyobstructions that may impact viewing of the media site from the primaryroad for the media site. The obstructions can be evident from a digitalimage of the media site stored in association with the data structure200 (e.g., as specified in a picture field 284). To identify a picturetaken of the media site, the example data structure 200 includes apicture field 284. The example picture field 284 includes one or morealphanumeric strings that represent the name of one or more digitalimage files. Additionally or alternatively, the contents of one or moredigital image files may be stored directly within the picture field 284.

While the example data structure 200 is illustrated in FIG. 2 as havingthe data fields described above, in other example implementations, theexample data structure 200 may be implemented using any number and/ortype(s) of other and/or additional fields and/or data. Further, thefields and/or data illustrated in FIG. 2 may be combined, divided,omitted, re-arranged, eliminated and/or implemented in any of a varietyof ways. For example, the secondary road field 272, the example postalcode field 276 and/or the example clutter field 280 may be omitted fromsome implementations of the site database 105 and/or for some mediasites. Moreover, the example data structure may include additionalfields and/or data than those illustrated in FIG. 2 and/or may includemore than one of any or all of the illustrated fields and/or data.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the example survey planner 130 of FIG. 1.To collect data for use in planning surveys of media sites, the examplesurvey planner 130 includes a data collector 305. The example datacollector 305 collects map data and/or images 310 from the examplethird-party images 112 (FIG. 1) and zoning data 311 and traffic data 312from the example government records 110 (FIG. 1). The map data 310, thezoning data 311 and the traffic data 312 may be collectedelectronically, manually from paper records, and/or any combinationthereof. If any of the map data 310, the zoning data 311 and/or thetraffic data 312 is entered manually, the data collector 305 canimplement any type of user interface suitable for entering suchinformation. Additionally or alternatively, if such map data 310, zoningdata 311 and/or traffic data 312 has already been entered via theexample site data merger 120, the data collector 305 can collect any orall of the data 310-312 from the site data merger 120 and/or the examplesite database 105.

To display the map data 310 collected by the example data collector 305,the example survey planner 130 includes a mapper 315 and a display 320.The example mapper 315 formats and/or creates one or more userinterfaces 317 to graphically depict a map and/or image of a geographicarea. An example user interface 317 created by the mapper 315 isdiscussed below in connection with FIG. 4. The example display 320 isconfigured to display the user interfaces 317 created by the examplemapper 315. The example display 320 may be any type of hardware,software and/or any combination thereof that can display a userinterface 317 for viewing by a user. For example, the display 320 mayinclude a device driver, a video chipset, and/or a video and/or computerdisplay terminal.

To overlay the zoning data 311 and/or the traffic data 312 on top of theuser interface 317 created by the mapper 315, the example survey planner130 of FIG. 3 includes an overlayer 325. The example overlayer 325overlays the zoning data 311 and/or traffic data 312 on top of the userinterface 317 by providing instructions to the example mapper 315 and/orthe display 320. The instructions cause the mapper 315 to modify one ormore of the user interfaces 317 and/or cause the display 320 to directlyoverlay the data 311 and 312. For example, the overlayer 325 may use anapplication programming interface (API) that directs the display 320 toadd lines and/or text to a user interface created by the mapper 315.

In some example implementations, the example data collector 305, theexample mapper 315, the example user interface(s) 317, the exampledisplay 320 and the example overlayer 325 may be implemented to use theGoogle® Earth mapping service tool. In other example implementations,other mapping tools such as, for example, Microsoft® Virtual Map orPictometry® Electronic Field Study software could be used instead. Inthe illustrated examples described herein, the Google® Earth mappingservice tool is used to implement an application that may be executed bya general-purpose computing platform (e.g., the example computingplatform 1700 of FIG. 17). In such implementations, portions of theexample data collector 305, the example mapper 315, the example userinterfaces 317 and the example overlay 325 are implemented using theGoogle® Earth mapping service application. In particular, the Google®Earth mapping service application collects and displays map data 310from third-party images 112 (e.g., satellite and/or aerial images of ageographic area) stored within a server that implements and/or providesthe Google® Earth mapping service interface 317. The Google® Earthmapping service tool generates user interfaces 317 that may be displayedon a computer terminal associated with the computing platform. Anotherapplication and/or utility (i.e., the overlayer 325) that may beexecuted by the computing platform (and/or a different computingplatform) formats the zoning data 311 and the traffic data 312 into adata file suitable for use with the Google® Earth mapping serviceapplication (e.g., a file structure in accordance with the KeyholeMarkup Language (KML) format). Google® Earth mapping service KML filestextually describe lines, information, graphics and/or icons to bedisplayed by overlaying them on third-party images 112. The Google®Earth mapping service application reads and/or processes the KML filegenerated by the overlayer 325, and the user's personal computer and/orworkstation displays the resulting overlaid images and/or userinterfaces 317 generated by the Google® Earth mapping serviceapplication for viewing by a user.

To partition portions of a geographic area (e.g., a DMA), the examplesurvey planner 130 of FIG. 3 includes a partitioner 330. The examplepartitioner 330 of FIG. 3 partitions the map into areas dense in mediasites and areas sparse in media sites. The example partitioner 330partitions the map based upon overlaid zoning data 311 and overlaidtraffic data 312. For example, the partitioner 330 identifies portionsof the map corresponding to both high traffic counts and zoned forcommercial and/or retail use as media site dense areas. Such media sitedense areas are typically easiest to survey via, for example, footand/or bicycle. Other areas of the map are typically sparse in mediasites and, thus, amenable to survey via automobile. The partitioning ofthe overlaid map may be performed via hardware, software, manuallyand/or via any combination thereof.

To assign geographic areas to surveyors, the example survey planner 130includes an assignor 335. The example assignor 335 sub-divides the mappartitions determined by the example partitioner 330 into sub-partitionsbased upon the type of the map partition (e.g., dense or sparse) andbased upon the size of a geographic area that can be surveyed by asurveyor within a prescribed time period (e.g., miles of roadway perday). For example, a surveyor on foot may be able to survey two miles ofdensely located media sites in a day, while a surveyor in a car may beable to survey 20 miles of dispersedly located media sites in a day. Theexample assignor 335 then assigns the sub-partitions to particularsurveyors so that an entire geographic area is surveyed, for example, inas time efficient a manner as possible (e.g., in as few days as possiblegiven a particular number and/or type(s) of surveyors) and/or in as costefficient a manner as possible. The creation of sub-partitions and/orthe assignment of sub-partitions to surveyors may be performed viahardware, software, manually and/or as any combinations thereof.

To control the example survey planner 130 of FIG. 3, the survey planner130 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) 340. The example GUI 340may be part of an operating system (e.g., Microsoft® Windows XP®) usedto implement the survey planner 130. The GUI 340 allows a user of thesurvey planner 130 to, for example, select a geographic area to bemapped and/or to select zoning data 311 and/or traffic data 312 to beoverlaid on the geographic area map. If the Google® Earth mappingservice tool is used to implement a portion of the example surveyplanner 130, the GUI 340 provides an interface between the user and theGoogle® Earth mapping service application. For example, the Google®Earth mapping service tool may use an API provided by the example GUI340 to display information and/or to receive user inputs and/orselections (e.g., to allow a user to select a KML file to load).

While an example manner of implementing the example survey planner 130of FIG. 1 has been illustrated in FIG. 3, some of the elements,processes and devices illustrated in FIG. 3 may be combined, divided,re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any of a varietyof ways. Further, the example data collector 305, the example mapper315, the example user interface(s) 317, the example display 320, theexample overlayer 325, the example partitioner 330, the example assignor335, the example GUI 340 and/or, more generally, the example surveyplanner 130 may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware and/orany combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Further still,the example survey planner 130 may include additional elements,processes and/or devices than those illustrated in FIG. 3 and/or mayinclude more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements,processes and/or devices.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example user interface 400 that may be presentedby the example survey planner 130 of FIGS. 1 and 3. In the illustratedexample, the user interface 400 is one of the user interfaces 317 of thesurvey planner 130 depicted in FIG. 3. The user interface 400 may becreated using any mapping tool, such as a geographic information system(GIS) tool (e.g., a MapInfo® GIS tool) or the Google® Earth mappingservice. To depict a geographic area, the example user interface 400includes a map and/or image 405 of the geographic area.

To depict the zoning of different portions of the geographic area, theexample map 405 is color-coded based upon how an area is zoned. Forexample, an area 415 occurring along West Sunset Boulevard is zoned forcommercial use while an area 420 south of Melrose Avenue is zoned forresidential use. To depict traffic data, the example map 405 is overlaidwith traffic count data. For example, a traffic count 425 for WestSunset Boulevard is 25,000 per the 2003 Annual Average Weekday Traffic(AAWT) Traffic Count for Los Angeles County.

As discussed above in connection with FIG. 3, areas that are likely tobe dense in media sites can be identified based upon having a hightraffic count and/or being zoned for commercial and/or retail use.Example dense media site areas of FIG. 4 occur along West SunsetBoulevard, Santa Monica Boulevard and Melrose Avenue. An example sparsemedia site area 420 is located south of Melrose Avenue.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of the example mobile assisted survey tool(MAST) 111 of FIG. 1. To control the example MAST 111, the MAST 111includes a user-interface apparatus 505, which may be implemented using,for example, a touch-screen tablet computer, a hand-held computer, apersonal digital assistant (PDA) and/or a laptop computer. The exampleuser-interface apparatus 505 provides a user interface (such as a GUI)that allows a user of the user-interface apparatus 505 to control theoperation of the MAST 111 to collect and/or enter media site data. Theexample user-interface apparatus 505 displays real-time video on a userinterface (e.g., in a window of an application executing upon theuser-interface apparatus 505) that enables a user to touch a point(e.g., a location) on the screen of the user-interface apparatus 505 toidentify a media site. Upon receipt of such a user-provided media siteselection, the example user-interface apparatus 505 interacts with otherelements of the MAST 111 to capture media site data as described below.In some example implementations such as, for example, in somepedestrian-based MAST systems, the video camera 510 may be omitted fromthe MAST 111, and surveyors (e.g., members of the field force 113) canrely on their own sight to determine the direction in which to directthe field of view of the digital camera 515 to capture an image of atargeted media site. The user-interface apparatus 505 also provides oneor more additional and/or alternative user interfaces that allow a userof the user-interface apparatus 505 to enter textual informationconcerning the media site. Example textual information includes, mediasite owner, primary road, secondary road, crossroads, illumination, etc.

To capture real-time video, the example MAST 111 includes a video camera510 (e.g., a video image capturing device). The example video camera 510is any type and/or model of digital video camera capable of capturing,storing and/or providing real-time video to the example user-interfaceapparatus 505. In the illustrated examples described herein, the Live!Ultra webcam manufactured by Creative Labs® is used to implement theexample video camera 510 and is coupled to the example user-interfaceapparatus 505 via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface to enable livevideo feed to be communicated to and displayed by the user-interfaceapparatus 505. In other example implementations, other peripheralinterfaces such as, for example, a Bluetooth® interface, an IEEE 1394interface, a coaxial cable interface, etc. may be used instead to couplethe video camera 510 to the user-interface apparatus 505.

To capture a still image of a selected media site, the example MAST 111of FIG. 5A includes a camera 515 (e.g., a still image capturing device).The example camera 515 may be implemented using any type and/or model ofdigital still picture camera capable of capturing, storing and/orproviding a digital photograph to the example user-interface apparatus505 and being controlled by the user-interface apparatus 505. In theexample implementation of FIG. 5A, the digital camera 515 is capable ofcapturing relatively higher resolution images and/or relatively higherquality images (e.g., higher color depth, sharper images, better focusedimages, etc.) than the video camera 510. In this manner, thehigher-resolution images of the media sites facilitate subsequentlyperforming detailed analyses of text and image details of the mediasites. In the illustrated example, the S3iS digital camera manufacturedby Canon® of Shimomaruko 3-chome, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan is used toimplement the example digital camera 510.

In the illustrated example, the example digital camera 515 is coupled tothe example user-interface apparatus 505 using a USB interface. In otherexample implementations, other peripheral interfaces such as, forexample, a Bluetooth® interface, an IEEE 1394 interface, etc. may beused instead to couple the camera 515 to the user-interface apparatus505. The digital camera 515 is controlled by the example user-interfaceapparatus 505 to, for example, control the zoom of the digital camera515 and/or the shutter trigger of the digital camera 515 to capture aphotograph. Although the example MAST 111 is described herein as havingseparate video and still picture cameras (e.g., the video camera 510 andthe digital camera 515), in other example implementations, the MAST 111may be implemented using a single camera capable of capturing video anddigital still pictures. In this manner, the camera can transfer livevideo to the user-interface apparatus 505 and, when a user selects anadvertisement object of interest in the video feed to be captured, thecomputer can control the camera to capture a still image (e.g., ahigh-resolution still image) of the specified object.

To determine the distance to a selected media site, the example MAST 111of FIG. 5A includes a rangefinder 520. The example rangefinder 520 canbe implemented using any type and/or model of digital rangefinder. Inthe illustrated examples described herein, the rangefinder 520 isimplemented using the TruPulse® 200B manufactured by Laser Technologiesof 7070 S. Tucson Way, Englewood, Colo., USA, 80112. In the illustratedexample, the rangefinder 520 is coupled to the user-interface apparatus505 using a Bluetooth® interface. In other example implementations,other peripheral interfaces such as, for example, an RS-232 serialcommunication interface, an IEEE 1394 interface, a USB interface etc.may be used instead. In the illustrated example, the rangefinder 520 iscontrolled by the example user-interface apparatus 505 to measure andreport the distance between the rangefinder 520 and a media site. In theexample of FIG. 5A, the digital camera 515 is triggered to take apicture of the media site at substantially the same time that thedigital rangefinder 520 is triggered to measure the distance to themedia site.

To position the digital camera 515 and the digital rangefinder 520, theexample MAST 111 includes a pan-tilt mechanism 525. The example pan-tiltmechanism 525 is controllable in two directions (side-to-side andup-and-down) to orient the camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 relativeto a media site. For example, the pan-tilt mechanism 525 can becontrolled so that the selected media site is in substantially thecenter of a viewfinder of the digital camera 515 and/or a picturecaptured by the digital camera 515. The pan-tilt mechanism 525 may becontrolled manually by a user of the MAST 111 and/or automatically bythe user-interface apparatus 505 based upon a user-selected point in thereal-time video provided to the user-interface apparatus 505 by theexample video camera 510. For example, the user-interface apparatus 505may determine that a selected media site is currently displayed in theupper right corner of the real-time video and, thus, direct the pan-tiltmechanism 525 to rotate to the right and tilt upwards until the mediasite is in the middle of the real-time video frames. The examplepan-tilt mechanism 525 may be coupled to the example user-interfaceapparatus 505 using any type of interface, such as an RS-232 serialcommunication interface, a USB interface and/or a Bluetooth Interface.The interface may be used to control the pan-tilt mechanism 525 (ifelectronically controllable) and/or to receive angle and/or tiltinformation from the pan-tilt mechanism 525. Such angle and/or tiltinformation is relative to the current orientation of the MAST 111(e.g., the facing direction of an automobile to which the MAST 111 ismounted). A pan-tilt mechanism that can be used to implement the examplepan/tile mechanism 525 is implemented using the SPG400 Standard ServoPower Gearbox, the SPT400 Standard Servo Power Gearbox Tilt System, the31425S HS-425BB Servo and the 356455 HS-5645MG Servo—all manufactured byServo City of 620 Industrial Park, Winfield, Kans., USA, 67156.

To determine the directions in which the fields of view of the cameras510 aid 515 are positioned, the example MAST 111 includes a digitalcompass 530. The example compass 530 may be implemented using any typeand/or model of digital compass. The example compass 530 may be coupledto the example user-interface apparatus 505 using any type of interfaceincluding, for example, a USB interface and/or a Bluetooth® Interface.The USB interface may be used to read the current orientation of theMAST 111 in, for example, degrees. As described below in connection withFIGS. 6A and 6B, the MAST 111 may be provided with a rotary encoder 635to determine an angle of rotation (or pan) of the cameras 510 and 515relative to a reference point on a vehicle. In this manner, theuser-interface apparatus 505 may determine the directions in which thefields of view of the cameras 510 and 515 are positioned based on adirection of travel of an automobile as indicated by the compass 530 andthe angle of rotation indicated by the rotary encoder 635. In otherexample implementations, the digital compass 530 may be coupled to arotating (e.g., a panning) platform on which the cameras 510 and 515 aremounted so that as the cameras 510 and 515 are rotated, the compass 510is also rotated to directly detect the direction in which the fields ofview of the cameras 510 and 515 are positioned.

To determine geographic locations of the MAST 111 when the digitalcamera 515 captures images of media sites, the example MAST 111 includesa GPS receiver 535. In the illustrated example, the example GPS receiver535 is implemented using an Earthmate® LT-20 GPS receivercommunicatively coupled to the user-interface apparatus 505 using a USBinterface. The USB interface may be used to obtain the last position fixfrom the GPS receiver 535 (e.g., longitude and latitude) and/or todirect the GPS receiver 535 to perform a position fix. The GPS receiver535 may also estimate and provide to the user-interface apparatus 505 anestimate of the amount of error in a position fix. In other exampleimplementations, the GPS receiver 535 may be implemented using any othertype and/or model of GPS receiver capable to receive GPS signals fromone or more UPS satellites, and determine and/or estimate the currentlocation of the MAST 111. In addition, the example GPS receiver 535 maybe coupled to the example user-interface apparatus 505 using any othertype of interface including, for example, a Bluetooth® interface.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5, the data interfaces (e.g., datainterface hardware, software, and protocols) are represented using thedata interfaces block designated by reference numeral 540. For example,in the illustrated example, the MAST 111 is provided with a USB hub tocommunicatively couple any USB interfaces of the components describedabove to the user-interface apparatus 505. Such USB hub, represented bythe data interfaces 540, is separate from the other components and maybe used if the user-interface apparatus 505 has less USB interfaces thanthe number required to communicate with the above-described componentsthat use USB interfaces. However, in some example implementations or forsome of the above-described components, some of the data interfaces 540are integrated in the components and the components are directlycommunicatively coupled to the user-interface apparatus 505. The datainterfaces 540 may include, for example, USB interfaces, RS-232 serialcommunication interfaces, Bluetooth® Interfaces, IEEE 1394 interfaces.As described in detail above, the data interfaces 540 enable thecomputer to control and exchange data with the above-describedcomponents. For instance, the data interfaces 540 enable the exampleMAST 111 to download media site data to, for example, the example sitedata merger 120 of FIG. 1 using the example data structure 200 of FIG.2. Although not shown, the MAST 111 may include any number and/ortype(s) of power sources (e.g., batteries, AC power supplies, DC powersupplies, etc.) to power the user-interface apparatus 505, the videocamera 510, the digital camera 515, the digital rangefinder 520, thepan-tilt mechanism 525, the digital compass 530 and/or the GPS receiver535.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of the example user-interface apparatus 505of the example mobile assisted survey tool 111 of FIG. 5A. To displayuser interface screens, maps or images of geographic areas, images ofscenes having media sites, images of media sites and/or any informationrelated thereto, the example user-interface apparatus 505 is providedwith a display interface 555. In the illustrated example, the displayinterface 555 is implemented using a Microsoft® Windows operating systemdisplay interface configured to display graphical user interfaces. Toreceive user inputs from a user (e.g., a pedestrian surveyor or avehicular surveyor), the user-interface apparatus 505 is provided with auser-input interface 560. In the illustrated example, the user-inputinterface 560 is implemented using an interface to a touch panel mountedonto a display of the example user-input apparatus 505. In other exampleimplementations, the user-input interface 560 may be implemented usingany other type of user-input interface including a mouse or otherpointer device, a keyboard interface, etc.

To recognize or identify objects in images, the user-interface apparatus505 is provided with an image object recognizer 565. In the illustratedexample, the image object recognizer 565 is configured to perform objectrecognition processes to recognize media sites (e.g., billboards,posters, murals, or any other advertisement media) in images captured bythe video camera 510 and/or the digital camera 515. For example, duringa survey, when the display interface 555 displays to a user real-timeimages captured by the video camera 510 of a general area having one ormore advertisement media sites and the user uses the user-inputinterface 560 to select a location on the captured image having one ofthe media sites, the image object recognizer 565 can use the screenlocation selected by the user on the displayed image and use an objectrecognition process to detect the boundaries of an advertisement locatedin the scene at the user-selected screen location. In this manner,subsequent processes can be performed to aim and zoom the digital camera515 towards the advertisement media site in the scene.

To store data to and retrieve data from a local memory 575, theuser-interface apparatus 505 is provided with a data interface 570. Inthe illustrated example, the data interface 570 is configured toretrieve and store data in data records (e.g., the data structure 200 ofFIG. 2) for different surveyed media sites. For example, the datainterface 570 can receive data from the digital camera 515, the digitalrangefinder 520, the UPS receiver 535, the video camera 510, the digitalcompass 530, and/or the data interface 540 described above in connectionwith FIG. 5A and store the data in the local memory 575. In addition,the data interface 570 is configured to store and retrieve images in thememory 575 captured by the camera(s) 510 and/or 515 for display via thedisplay interface 555. Also, the data interface 570 is configured toretrieve aerial maps or photographs or satellite photographs ofgeographic areas for display to a user as shown below in connection withthe user interface 800 of FIGS. 8A-8C and/or the user interface 1000 ofFIG. 10. Also, in the illustrated example, the data interface 570 isconfigured to store the zoom levels of the digital camera 515 used tocapture images of media sites, to store distances between user-specifiedmedia sites and survey locations from which the media sites weresurveyed, to store captured images of media sites, to store pan and tiltangles used to position the rangefinder 520 and the digital camera 515to capture the images of the media sites, to store location informationrepresentative of the locations of the MAST 111 when the media siteswere surveyed and to store timestamp(s) indicative of time(s) at whichthe digital camera 515 captured the image(s) of the media sites. Theinformation stored in the memory 575 can subsequently be used todetermine geographic location coordinates of the media sites and/or canbe communicated to the site database 105 for storage and subsequentprocessing.

To control the position of the digital camera 515 and the rangefinder520 prior to capturing an image of a user-specified media site, theuser-input apparatus 505 is provided with a camera positioner interface580. In the illustrated example, the camera positioner interface 580 isconfigured to determine an amount of tilt rotation and pan rotation(e.g., rotational angle values) by which to adjust the position of thedigital camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 to position the field of viewof the digital camera 515 on a targeted media site. For example, afterthe image object recognizer 565 recognizes the boundaries of a mediasite to be surveyed, the camera positioner interface 580 can determinepan and tilt adjustment values with which to adjust the pan-tiltmechanism 525 (FIG. 5A) to position the fields of view of the digitalcamera 515 and the rangefinder 520 to be on the identified media site.

To control the operation of the video camera 510 and the digital camera515, the user-interface apparatus 505 is provided with a cameracontroller 585. In the illustrated example, the camera controller 585 isconfigured to control the zoom levels and the shutter trigger of thedigital camera 515 to capture images of media sites. To control the zoomlevel, the camera controller 585 is configured to determine the zoomlevel based on the distance between the digital camera 515 and thetargeted media site as measured by the digital rangefinder 520. In theillustrated example, the camera controller 585 is configured todetermine zoom levels that capture a media site in its entirety (e.g.,advertisement content and fixtures to which the advertisement content isaffixed or surrounding the advertisement content) or to capture at leasta portion of the media site. The camera controller 585 is alsoconfigured to control image or video capture operations including zoomoperations of the video camera 510.

To determine location information (e.g., geocodes, geographiccoordinates, etc.) for locations of media sites, the exampleuser-interface apparatus 505 is provided with a location informationgenerator 590. In the illustrated example, the location informationgenerator 590 is configured to use data stored in the memory 575 todetermine the location(s) of media site(s) as described in detail belowin connection with FIG. 16.

Wile example manners of implementing the example MAST 111 of FIG. 1 andthe example user-interface apparatus 505 are illustrated in FIG. 5A, theexample MAST 111 and the example user-interface apparatus 505 may beimplemented using any number and/or type(s) of other and/or additionalelements, devices, components, interfaces, circuits and/or processors.Further, the elements, devices, components, interfaces, circuits and/orprocessors illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B may be combined, divided,re-arranged, eliminated and/or implemented in any number of differentways. Additionally, the example MAST 111 and/or the exampleuser-interface apparatus 505 may be implemented using any combination offirmware, software, logic and/or hardware. Moreover, the MAST 111 and/orthe example user-interface apparatus 505 may be implemented to includeadditional elements, devices, components, interfaces, circuits and/orprocessors than those illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B and/or may includemore than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, devices,components, interfaces, circuits and/or processors.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D illustrate example structural configurationsthat may be used to implement the example MAST 111 of FIGS. 1 and 5A.While example configurations of implementing the example MAST 111 areillustrated in FIGS. 6A-6D, other configurations of implementing theMAST 111 may alternatively be used. Because many elements, devices,components, interfaces, circuits and/or processors of the example MAST111 of FIGS. 6A-6D are identical to those discussed above in connectionwith FIG. 5A, the descriptions of those elements, devices, components,interfaces, circuits and/or processors are not repeated here. Instead,identical elements, devices, components, interfaces, circuits and/orprocessors are illustrated with identical reference numerals in FIGS. 5Aand 6A-6D, and the interested reader is referred back to thedescriptions presented above in connection with FIG. 5A for a completedescription of those like numbered elements, devices, components,interfaces, circuits and/or processors.

As shown in FIG. 6A, the example MAST 111 is mounted through a sun roof605 of an automobile roof 610. As shown in FIG. 6B, the MAST 111 ismechanically affixed to one or more members that position and/or securethe MAST 111 within the sun roof area 605. In the illustrated examplesof FIGS. 6A and 6B, the pan-tilt mechanism 525 is implemented using amanual adjustment configuration. In particular, as shown in FIG. 6A, thepan-tilt mechanism 525 is implemented using a PVC pipe 620 that passesthrough a thrust bearing 625 and is manually controllable using anup/down and rotate handle 630. The manual pan-tilt mechanism 525 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B enables a person to control the position and field ofview of the cameras 510 and 515 and the range finder 520 by enabling theperson to a) move the handle 630 upwards/downwards to tilt the videocamera 510, the digital camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 relative to ageographic horizon and b) rotate the handle 630 to rotate the videocamera 510, the digital camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 relative tothe front of the automobile.

In the illustrated example of FIGS. 6A and 6B, the MAST 111 is providedwith a rotary encoder 635 to determine the position of the video camera510, the digital camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 relative to thefront-to-back centerline of the automobile. The example rotary encoder635 provides a digital value and/or an electrical signal representativeof the rotational angle of the video camera 510, the digital camera 515and the rangefinder 520 relative to the front-to-back centerline of theautomobile to the user-interface apparatus 505. In this manner, theuser-interface apparatus 505 can determine the direction in which fieldsof view of the cameras 510 and 515 are pointing based on directioninformation from the digital compass 530 and the angle of rotationindicated by the rotary encoder 635.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 6C, the example MAST 111 isimplemented using an electronically controllable pan-tilt mechanism 525and is surrounded by an example housing 650 having a clear weatherproofdome 655 to protect the MAST 111 from environmental elements (e.g.,rain, snow, wind, etc.). The example housing 650 can be mounted and/oraffixed to the top of an automobile using, for example, straps, aluggage rack, a ski rack, a bike rack, suction cups, etc. To allow auser of the example user-interface apparatus 505 of FIG. 6C to select amedia site, the example MAST 111 of FIG. 6C includes a stylus 660. Theuser selects a media site by pressing the tip 665 of the stylus 660 to atouch-panel-enabled screen 670 of the user-interface apparatus 505 at apoint corresponding to a media site.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 6C, the pan-tilt mechanism 525 iselectronically controllable via the user-interface apparatus 505. In theillustrated example, the example user-interface apparatus 505communicates with the video camera 510 ((FIGS. 6A and 6B) which isprovided but not shown in the example configuration of FIG. 6C), thedigital camera 515, the rangefinder 520, the pan-tilt mechanism 525, thedigital compass 530 and the GPS receiver 535 via respectivecommunication interfaces as described above in connection with FIG. 5A.In some example implementations, to allow the housing 650 to be waterand air tight and/or to reduce cable clutter, the components of the MAST111 in the housing 650 can be communicatively coupled to theuser-interface apparatus 505 via a wireless communication interface suchas, for example, a Bluetooth® interface to eliminate the need to extendcommunication cables from the user-interface apparatus 505 to the MASTcomponents. In some example implementations, the MAST 111 can beprovided with a manual pan-tilt adjustment mechanism as shown in FIGS.6A and 6B to allow a user to perform coarse position adjustments of theMAST 111, and the MAST 111 can also be provided with the electronicpan-tilt mechanism 525 to enable the MAST 111 to automatically performfine position adjustments when, for example, centering on and zoominginto a media site of interest.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 6D, the example MAST 111 isimplemented using a base 680 and a tiltable housing 682 to provide avertical tilting motion. In the illustrated example of FIG. 6D, the baseor housing 680 includes a lower fixed-position base or housing portion684 and an upper rotatable base or housing portion 686 to provide apanning motion. The video camera 510 (FIGS. 5A, 6A, and 6B) is mountedin the lower fixed-position base portion 684 and captures video imagesthrough a window area 688. The digital camera 515 and the rangefinder520 (FIGS. 5A, 6A, 6B, and 6C) are mounted in the tiltable housing 682of the upper rotatable base portion 686 and have a field of view or lineof sight through a window area 690. In the illustrated example, atilting device of the pan-tilt mechanism 525 is mounted in the upperrotatable base portion 686 at a location indicated by reference numeral692 to vertically tilt the tiltable housing 682. To protect the videocamera 510, the digital camera 515, and the rangefinder 520 fromenvironmental elements (e.g., rain, snow, wind, etc.), the base 680including the tiltable housing 682 and the lower and upper base portions684 and 686 are implemented using weatherproof construction. Althoughnot shown, the digital compass 530 and the GPS receiver 535 can also bemounted on the MAST 111 of FIG. 6D. For example, the digital compass 530and the GPS receiver 535 can be mounted on a fixed (e.g., non pannableand non tiltable) portion such as, for example, a mounting plate 694that remains in a fixed position relative to a vehicle on which the MAST111 is mounted. Although the lower base portion 684 is described aboveas a fixed-position base portion, in other example implementations, thelower base portion 684 may be implemented as a rotatable base portion sothat the lower and upper base portions 684 and 686 can rotate togetherto enable panning motions for the digital camera 515 and the videocamera 510.

While the example MAST 111 of FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and/or 6D has avehicular-based form factor suitable for mounting on a motorizedvehicle, in oilier example implementations the example MAST 111 may beimplemented as a pedestrian-based MAST using a wearable and/orcarry-able form factor. For example, the rangefinder 520 may be ahand-held rangefinder 520 having a viewfinder that allows a user topoint the rangefinder 520 at or about the center of a media site. In theillustrated example, the rangefinder 520 is capable of operating in amode that enables measuring angles to the top and bottom edges of themedia site to allow the height of the media site to be computed. Theuser-interface apparatus 505 may be implemented using a handheldportable computing device (e.g., a personal digital assistant (PDA), aWindows Mobile® device, a PocketPC device, a Palm device, etc.) that maybe carried using a carrying case that may be clipped to a belt. In someexample pedestrian-based MAST system implementations, the video camera510 may be omitted from the MAST 111, and surveyors (e.g., members ofthe field force 113) can rely on their own sight to determine thedirection in which to direct the field of view of the digital camera 515to capture an image of a targeted media site. To enable a user tocontrol the MAST 111, the user-interface apparatus 505 is configured todisplay a user interface that prompts the user of the MAST 111 toperform different measurements and/or capture pictures of a media site.For example, when a user identifies a new media site, the user can pressa start button. The user-interface apparatus 505 then prompts the userto specify a plurality of operations to characterize the media siteincluding, for example, 1) measuring a distance to the media site, 2)measuring a height of the media site (e.g., measure angles to the topand bottom of the media site), 3) entering textual information (e.g.,owner name, etc.), and 4) capturing one or more pictures of the mediasite. To capture GPS information and heading information, in a hand-heldimplementation, the GPS receiver 535 and the digital compass 530 aremounted to the rangefinder 520 so that as the rangefinder 520 is movedthe GPS receiver 535 and the digital compass 530 can be used to trackthe direction and location of the rangefinder 520. For example, as therangefinder 520 is rotated, the digital compass 530 can correctlymeasure the direction in which the rangefinder 520 is pointing.

In some example implementations, vehicular-based or pedestrian-basedMAST's can be configured to be controlled using a head-mountedcontroller. For example, headgear to be worn by a member of the fieldforce 113 may be provided with an inertial sensor, a transparent partial(one-eye) visor, a digital camera and a rangefinder. To control apedestrian-based MAST, the user adjusts his head position to look at amedia site through the one-eye visor to target the media site and toperform the distance measurement using the rangefinder 520. The anglesused to compute the height of the media site can be derived from theorientation of the user's head. To control a vehicular-based MAST, thetransparent partial (one-eye) visor positioned over a user's eye couldbe used to locate aid target a media site. The inertial sensor in thehelmet can be used to generate motion and direction information based ona person's detected head movements to control the example pan-tiltmechanism 525 to position the cameras 510 and 515 and the rangefinder520.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the example site data merger 120 of FIG. 1.To collect media site data for merging, the example site data merger 120includes a data collector 705. The example data collector 705 collectsmap data 710 from the example third-party images 112 (FIG. 1) and frommedia site data 711 and media site images 712 collected during one ormore media site surveys and/or gathered from the government records 110(FIG. 1). The example site data 711 and/or the site images 712 may becollected electronically (e.g., collected using the example MAST 111described herein), may be manually provided from paper records, and/orany combination thereof. In some example implementations, the datacollector 705 can be implemented in connection with a user interface toenable a user to enter the site data 711 and/or the site images 712manually. Additionally or alternatively, if any of the site data 711and/or the site images 712 were previously entered and/or downloaded,the data collector 705 can collect any or all of the data 710-712 fromthe example site database 105.

To display the map data 710 collected by the example data collector 705,the example data site merger 120 includes a mapper 715 and a display720. The example mapper 715 formats and/or creates one or more userinterfaces 717 that graphically depict a geographic area and that arepresented by the example display 720. Example user interfaces 717created by the mapper 715 are discussed below in connection with FIGS.8A-8C and 10. The example display 720 may be implemented using any typeof hardware, software and/or any combination thereof that can display auser interface 717 for viewing by a user. For example, the display 720may include a device driver, a video chipset, and/or a video and/orcomputer display terminal.

To overlay the site data 711 and/or the site images 712 on top of theuser interface(s) 717 created by the mapper 715, the example site datamerger 120 includes an overlayer 725. The example overlayer 725 overlaysthe site data 711 and/or the site images 712 on top of the userinterface(s) 717 by providing instructions a) to the display 720 thatcause the display 720 to show the overlaid data 711 and 712 and/or b) tothe mapper 715. For example, the overlayer 725 may use an applicationprogramming interface (API) that directs the mapper 715 and/or thedisplay 720 to add lines and/or text to user interface(s) 717 created bythe mapper 715.

To verify, modify and/or update the site data 711 and/or media siteinformation stored in the example site database 105 (e.g., the examplecoordinate fields 228 and 232 of FIG. 2), the example site data merger120 includes a modifier 730. The example modifier 730 presents one ormore user interfaces 735 via the display 720 that allow a user of thesite data merger 120 to verify, modify and/or update the site data 711.Example user interfaces 735 for verifying, modifying and/or updating thesite data 711 and/or the site database 105 are discussed below inconnection with FIGS. 8A-8C and 10. In the illustrated example, themapper 715 and/or the overlayer 725 create a first user interface 717that displays collected media site data 711 overlaid onto anaerial/satellite photograph (e.g., an aerial/satellite photograph fromthe map data 710) of a geographic area, and the example modifier 730presents one or more additional user interfaces 735 that allow a user toadjust the location of a media site based upon the satellite photographand/or based upon the site images 712. Once the user has finishedadjusting the location of a media site (if necessary), the modifier 730updates the site database 105 (e.g., the example coordinate fields 228and 232) based upon the collected (and possibly modified) media sitedata 711.

In the illustrated example, the Google® Earth mapping service tool isused to implement the example data collector 705, the example mapper715, the example user interface(s) 717, the example display 720, theexample overlayer 725, at least a portion of the example modifier 730and the example user interface(s) 735 of FIG. 7. In other exampleimplementations, other mapping tools such as, for example, Microsoft®Virtual Map could additionally or alternatively be used. For example,the Google® Earth mapping service tool may be implemented as anapplication that is executed by a general-purpose computing platform(e.g., the example computing platform 1700 of FIG. 17), where a portionof the example data collector 705, the example mapper 715, the exampleuser interface(s) 717 and 735, the example overlayer 725 and a portionof the modifier 730 are implemented by the Google® Earth mapping serviceapplication. In particular, the Google® Earth mapping serviceapplication collects and displays the map data 710 from the third-partyimages 112 (e.g., satellite images) stored within a server thatimplements and/or provides the Google® Earth mapping service interface.The Google® Earth mapping service tool is used to generate the userinterfaces 717 that may be displayed on a computer terminal associatedwith the computing platform. The Google® Earth mapping service tool alsogenerates user interfaces 735 that allow a user to verify and/or modifydisplayed media site data. Another application and/or utility (e.g., theexample overlayer 725) that executes upon the computing platform (and/ora different computing platform) formats the site data 711 and the siteimages data 712 into a data file suitable for use with the Google® Earthmapping service application (e.g., a file structure in accordance withthe KML format). The Google® Earth mapping service application readsand/or processes the KML file generated by the overlayer 725, and theuser's personal computer and/or workstation displays the resultingoverlaid images and/or user interfaces 717 and 735 generated by theGoogle® Earth mapping service application for viewing by a user. Oncethe user has completed viewing, verifying and/or modifying the site data711, the Google® Earth mapping service tool saves a second KML file thatreflects any changes made to the site data 711 by the user using theuser interface(s) 735. The example modifier 730 of FIG. 7 parses thesite data 711 from the second KML file and adds, stores and/or updatesthe media site data stored in the site database 105 (e.g., adds, updatesand/or modifies the example coordinate fields 228 and 232 of FIG. 2).

To control the example site data merger 120 of FIG. 7, the site datamerger 120 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) 740 (e.g., a userinput interface). The example GUI 740 of FIG. 7 may be part of anoperating system (e.g., Microsoft® Windows XP®) used to implement thesite data merger 120. The GUI 740 allows a user of the site data merger120 to, for example, select a geographic area to be mapped and/or toselect the site data 711 and/or the site images 712 to be overlaid ontoa geographic map. If the Google® Earth mapping service tool is used toimplement a portion of the example site data merger 120, the GUI 740 isused to provide an interface between the user and the Google® Earthmapping service application. For example, the Google® Earth mappingservice tool may use an API to display information and/or to receiveuser inputs and/or selections (e.g., to select and load a KML file) viathe GUI 740.

While an example manner of implementing the example site data merger 120of FIG. 1 has been illustrated in FIG. 7, the elements, processes anddevices illustrated in FIG. 7 may be combined, divided, re-arranged,eliminated and/or implemented in any of a variety of ways. Further, theexample data collector 705, the example mapper 715, the example userinterface(s) 717 and 735, the example display 720, the example overlayer725, the example modifier 730, the example GUI 740 and/or, moregenerally, the example site data merger 120 may be implemented usinghardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware,software and/or firmware. Further still, the example site data merger120 may include additional elements, processes and/or devices than dioseillustrated in FIG. 7 and/or may include more than one of any or all ofthe illustrated elements, processes and devices.

FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C depict example user interfaces that may beimplemented in connection with the example site data merger 120 of FIG.7 to show locations of surveyed media sites in connection with mediasite data and to enable users to verify and/or update the media sitedata. Elements illustrated in FIG. 8A which are substantially similar oridentical to elements in FIGS. 8B and 8C are described below inconnection with FIG. 8A, but are not described in detail again inconnection with FIGS. 8B and 8C. Therefore, the interested reader isreferred to the description of FIG. 8A below for a complete descriptionof those elements in FIGS. 8B and 8C which are the same as elements inFIG. 8A.

Turning to FIG. 8A, to display an image of a geographic area, theexample user interface 800 includes an image area 805. In theillustrated example, the example image area 805 can display a satellitephotograph and/or image of a geographic area of interest. To allow auser to control the image area 805, the example user interface 800includes any number and/or type of user-selectable user interfacecontrols 810. By using the controls 810, the user can select a desiredportion of a satellite, aerial and/or terrestrial image. For instance,in the illustrated example, the example controls 810 include one or moreelements that allow the user to, for example, zoom in, zoom out androtate the image and to pan the image in left-right and/or up-downdirections.

To allow a user to select and load a file that includes media site data(e.g., a KML file and/or a keyhole markup ZIP (KMZ) file containingmultiple KML files and/or still images and/or video files for respectiveones of multiple media sites), the example user interface 800 includes amenu 815 that allows a user to, among other things, open a file-opendialog box 820. The example file-open dialog box 820 allows a user toselect and load a media site data file, such as small.kmz. To displaymedia sites associated with an opened media site data file, the exampleuser interface 800 includes a list display area 830. In the illustratedexample, the example list display area 830 includes a list of mediasites including one entitled “Board 1” and designated by referencenumeral 835.

Based upon the list of media sites loaded and based upon the portion ofthe satellite image currently displayed, the example image area 805displays information pertaining to one or more of the media sites. Inthe illustrated example, the example image area 805 displays two mediasites indicated by media site markers labeled “Board 1” and “Board 2.”In the illustrated example, Board 1 is shown with a media site markerand/or icon 840 that represents the surveyed location of Board 1, abounding box 845 that represents (based upon the accuracy of thesurveying tool) an error margin of location coordinates determined orcollected for the surveyed location 840 of Board 1 and a line 850 thatrepresents a line of sight from the location where Board 1 was surveyedto Board 1.

Turning to FIG. 8B, to select media sites to be displayed, the examplelist display area 830 includes check box controls, one of which isindicated by reference numeral 855. In the illustrated example of FIG.8B, the check box 855 is blank and, thus, Board 2 is not illustrated inthe example image area 805 of FIG. 8B. However, the check boxes forBoards 1, 3 and 4 are checked, therefore, Boards 1, 3 and 4 aredisplayed, although Boards 3 and 4 are occluded by a photos-and-detailswindow 870.

To display more information for a particular media site, the examplelist display area 830 includes tree expansion box controls, one of whichis indicated in FIG. 8B by reference numeral 860. By alternatelyclicking on the example tree expansion box 860, information pertainingto Board 1 can be viewed or hidden from view. Example media informationincludes photos and detailed information that can be accessed byselecting a photos and details link control 865. In the example userinterface of FIG. 8B, if the photos and details link 865 is clicked, thephotos and details window 870 is displayed. Additionally oralternatively, clicking the site marker icon associated with the mediasite 840 in the image 805 will launch the window 870. The example window870 of FIG. 8B displays textual information 875 about the media site aswell as one or more photographs 880 and/or video of the media site takenfrom the end of the line 850 that is opposite the media site. Exampletextual information 875 includes, for example, the name of the owner ofthe site, the direction the site is facing, the distance to the site,any other information described above in connection with FIG. 2, etc.

The user interface 800 illustrated in FIG. 8B (including the examplephotographs 880), facilitates visually determining that the surveyedlocation 840 of Board 1 is different from an actual location 885 ofBoard 1. To modify or update the media site data for Board 1 torepresent the correct location of Board 1 (i.e., the actual location885), a properties dialog user interface 890 shown in FIG. 8C may beinstantiated by a user. For example, referring to FIG. 8C, to modify thesurveyed location of a media site in the example user interface 800, auser clicks their right mouse button (e.g., “right-clicks”) with theposition controlled by the mouse located on the surveyed media sitelocation in the image 805 to bring up a selection window (not shown)including a selection entitled “properties.” When “properties” isselected in the selection window, the properties dialog user interface890 is shown. The example properties dialog box 890 of FIG. 8C displaysthe surveyed location of the media site.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 8C, the icon displayed at thesurveyed media site location 840 also changes to include a targetlocation icon 895 depicted as a box surrounding the site marker. Theuser can “click and drag” the target location icon 895 from its originallocation (e.g., the surveyed location 840) to the actual location of themedia site 885 as shown in FIG. 5C. When the user saves the KML file forBoard 1 (and/or a KMZ file containing the KML file for Board 1), thelocation of the media site (e.g., Board 1) is saved with locationinformation representative of the new location 885. Thus, when the sitedata merger 120 (e.g., the example modifier 730 of FIG. 7) processes theKMZ file, the location of the media site saved in the site database 105(e.g., the example coordinate fields 228 and 232 of FIG. 2) will be thecoordinates of the new location 885 rather than the coordinates of thesurveyed location 840. The site data merger 120 also stores otherinformation from the KML file into the site database 105 for the mediasite. For example, the owner name shown in the textual information 875of FIG. 8B can be stored in the example owner name field 208 of FIG. 2.Likewise, other elements of the data record can be filled, updatedand/or modified based upon the KML file.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an example data structure 900 that may beused to provide media site data to any or all of the example site datamergers 120 described herein. The example data structure 900 isstructured in accordance with a KML file. However, any other type offile format may be used (e.g., a file structure in accordance with theMicrosoft® Virtual Earth tool). The example data structure 900represents media site data for a single media site. As described above,multiple data structures for respective media sites may be storedtogether in a single file, such as a KMZ file.

To specify a filename, the example data structure 900 includes afilename field 905. The example filename field 905 includes analphanumeric string that represents the name of the file that containsthe data structure 900. To specify the name of the media site associatedwith the file, the example data structure 900 includes a name field 910.The example name field 910 includes an alphanumeric string thatrepresents the name of the media site. To specify and/or store the mediasite information that may be viewed (e.g., viewed using the userinterfaces of FIGS. 8A-8C) and/or hidden, the example data structure 900includes folder fields 915 and 920. The example folder fields 915 and920 delineate the start and end of the media site information for themedia site, respectively.

To specify textual information and/or images that can be displayed(e.g., in the example photos and details window 870 of FIG. 8B), theexample data structure 900 includes entries 925. The example entries 925define, describe and provide the information to be displayed when, forexample, the example photos and details link 865 of FIG. 8B is selectedand/or the site marker icon 840 (FIG. 8B) for the media site is clicked.For example, the entries 925 define the file name 930 of an image to bedisplayed.

To specify a line of sight from a survey location to a media site (e.g.,the example line 850 of FIG. 8A), the example data structure 900includes entries 935. The example entries 935 include the start and endcoordinates 940 of the line, as well as a width and color 945 for theline. To specify a potential survey location error (e.g., the exampleboundary 845 of FIG. 8A), the example data structure 900 includesentries 950 (FIG. 9B). The example entries 950 include the coordinatesof a set of points 955 that collectively define the boundary of thepotential media site location error, as well as a width and color 960for the line. To specify the position of the media site, the exampledata structure 900 includes coordinates 965. If the data structure 900is used as an input to the site data merger 120, the example coordinates965 represent the surveyed location of the media site (e.g., the examplelocation 840 of FIG. 8B). If the data structure 900 is the output of thesite data merger 120, the example coordinates represent the verifiedlocation of the media site (e.g., the example location 885 of FIG. 8B).

To specify a point of view (e.g., so that the photograph of the site inthe pop-up window 870 (FIG. 8B) matches the orientation of the satelliteimage), the example data structure 900 includes entries 970. The exampleentries 970 contain values that represent the point of view from thesurvey location to the media site. The example entries 970 containcoordinates 975 of the survey location, a distance 980 to the mediasite, a viewing angle (relative to the horizon) 985 from the surveylocation to the media site and a heading 990 of the surveying equipment.

While the example data structure 900 is illustrated as having theabove-described fields and information, the example methods, apparatusand systems described herein may be implemented using other datastructures having any number and/or type(s) of other and/or additionalfields and/or data. Further, one or more of the fields and/or dataillustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B may be omitted, combined, divided,re-arranged, eliminated and/or implemented in different ways. Moreover,the example data structure 900 may include fields and/or data additionalto those illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B and/or may include more than oneof any or all of the illustrated fields and/or data.

FIG. 10 illustrates another example user interface 1000 that may be usedto verify the location of a media site. In particular, the example userinterface 1000 may be used to implement the example image area 805 ofFIGS. 8A-8C. In the example user interface 1000, a surveyed locationindicator 1005 of a media site is overlaid on top of four images 1010,1011, 1012 and 1013 rather than the single aerial/satellite imageillustrated in FIGS. 8A-8C. The example images 1010-1013 of FIG. 10represent and/or illustrate the area surrounding the media site fromdifferent locations and/or points of view. By viewing the surroundingsof the media site from different perspectives, the location of the mediasite may be more accurately determined and/or verified.

FIGS. 11 and 12 are flowcharts representative of machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example media sitedata collection system 100 of FIG. 1. FIG. 13 is a flowchartrepresentative of machine readable instructions that may be executed toimplement the example survey planner 130 of FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 14 is aflowchart representative of machine readable instructions that may beexecuted to implement the example site data merger 120 of FIGS. 1 and 7.FIG. 15 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the example mobile assisted surveytool 111 of FIGS. 1, 5A and 6A-6D. The example processes of FIGS. 11-15may be performed using a processor, a controller and/or any othersuitable processing device. For example, the example processes of FIGS.11-15 may be implemented in coded instructions stored on a tangiblemedium such as a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM) and/orrandom-access memory (RAM) associated with a processor (e.g., theexample processor 1705 discussed below in connection with FIG. 17).Alternatively, some or all of the example processes of FIGS. 11-15 maybe implemented using any combination(s) of application specificintegrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)),field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), discrete logic, hardware,firmware, etc. Also, some or all of the example processes of FIGS. 11-15may be implemented manually or as any combination(s) of any of theforegoing techniques, for example, any combination of firmware,software, discrete logic and/or hardware. Further, although the exampleprocesses of FIGS. 11-15 are described with reference to the flowchartsof FIGS. 11-15, other methods of implementing the processes of FIGS.11-15 may be employed. For example, the order of execution of the blocksmay be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed,eliminated, sub-divided, or combined. Additionally, any or all of theexample processes of FIGS. 11-15 may be performed sequentially and/or inparallel by, for example, separate processing threads, processors,devices, discrete logic, circuits, etc.

The example process of FIG. 11 may be used to collect and merge mediasite data and/or information from multiple data sources (e.g., theexample data sources 110-113 of FIG. 1) into a site database (e.g., theexample database 105). The example process of FIG. 11 begins withprocessing of media site data from government records (block 1105)(e.g., the example government records 10 of FIG. 1) by, for example,performing the example process of FIG. 12. A survey planner (e.g., theexample survey planner 130 of FIGS. 1 and 3) identifies the dense siteareas and sparse site areas (block 1110) by, for example, performing theexample process of FIG. 13. The dense site areas are surveyed usingpedestrian-based MAST's (block 1115), and the sparse site areas aresurveyed using vehicular-based MAST's (block 1120). In the illustratedexample, the dense and sparse site areas are surveyed using the exampleprocess of FIG. 14 described below. The example process of FIG. 11 isthen ended.

Turning to FIG. 12, the illustrated example process is used to processmedia site data from government records (e.g., the government records110 of FIG. 1). Initially, the site data merger 120 (FIGS. 1 and 2)obtains media site data from the government records 110 (block 1205).The government records 110 may be obtained from any number and/ortype(s) of government agencies and/or offices. The media site datacollected from the government records 110 is then entered and/or loadedinto the site database 105 (FIG. 1) (block 1210).

Using information and/or parameters contained in the government records(e.g., mile marker values), the site data merger 120 can estimatelocations of media sites (block 1215). The site data merger 120 thenuses the user interfaces 717 (FIG. 7) to plot aid verify location andsite information of each media site profile (block 1220). For example,the site data merger 120 can present the location and site profileinformation of the media site locations to a user for verification usingany or all of the example user interfaces of FIGS. 8A-8C and/or 10.

Once the media site locations are verified, the modifier 730 (FIG. 7) ofthe site data merger 120 can determine geocodes (e.g., a longitudecoordinate and a latitude coordinate) for the media sites (block 1225),and store the geocodes in the site database 105 (FIG. 1) (block 1230).For example, the modifier 730 can store the geocodes in the examplecoordinate fields 228 and 232 of the data structure 200 of FIG. 2. Theexample process of FIG. 12 is then ended by, for example, returningcontrol to the example process of FIG. 11.

Turning to FIG. 13, the depicted example process is used to implementthe example survey planner 130 of FIGS. 1 and 3. Initially, the datacollector 305 (FIG. 3) of the survey planner 130 obtains zoning data fora geographic area (block 1305) and traffic count data for the geographicarea (block 1310). In the illustrated example, the traffic count is acount of all movements for cars, trucks, buses and pedestrians pergeographic area for a given duration. The mapper 315 (FIG. 3) of thesurvey planner 130 displays an image of the geographic area (block 1315)via one of the user interfaces 317 (FIG. 3). The overlayer 325 (FIG. 3)overlays the obtained zoning and traffic count data onto the image ofthe geographic area (block 1320). For example, the overlayer 325 createsa KML file that the mapper 315 loads and uses to overlay the zoning andtraffic count data.

The partitioner 330 (FIG. 3) of the survey planner 130 identifies densemedia site areas and sparse media site areas (block 1330) based on theoverlaid zoning and traffic count data. The partitioner 330 partitionsor sub-divides the dense and sparse media site areas (block 1335), andthe assignor 335 (FIG. 3) assigns the sub-divided portions to surveyors(e.g., member(s) of the example field force 113 of FIG. 1) (block 1340).In the illustrated example, the assignor 335 assigns dense areas to besurveyed by pedestrian surveyors using pedestrian-based MAST's andassigns sparse areas to be surveyed by vehicular surveyors usingvehicle-based MAST's (e.g., the MAST 111 of FIGS. 6A-6D). The exampleprocess of FIG. 13 is then ended by, for example, returning control tothe example process of FIG. 11.

Turning to FIG. 14, the depicted example process is used to survey amedia site. Initially, example media site data collection system 100(FIG. 1) collects media site data and/or information for the media site(block 1405). For example, the example media site data collection system100 can collect the media site data (e.g., site profile and geocodeinformation) using the example process described below in connectionwith FIG. 15. The site data merger 120 (FIGS. 1 and 7) displays or plotsthe collected media site data (block 1410). For example, the mapper 715and the overlayer 725 can use a Google® Earth mapping service window inconnection with the example user interfaces of FIGS. 8A-8C and/or 10 todisplay the media site data in connection with aerial maps, satellitephotographs, etc. of a geographic area in which the media site islocated. One or more of the user interfaces 735 and the modifier 730(FIG. 7) of the data merger 120 then verify and adjust media sitelocation information (block 1415). For example, one or more of the userinterfaces described above in connection with FIGS. 8A-8C and 10 may beused to verify and/or adjust the media site location based on userinput. The modifier 730 then stores or uploads the media site data tothe site database 105 (block 1420). For example, the modifier 730 canparse a KML file to extract values (e.g. site profile and geocodeinformation) that are used to fill fields of a media site data structure(e.g., the example data structure 200 of FIG. 2) stored in the sitedatabase 105 to store the updated and/or verified media site data. Theexample process of FIG. 14 is then ended by, for example, returningcontrol to the example process of FIG. 11.

Turning to FIG. 15, a depicted example process may be implemented tocollect and/or obtain media site data for a media site. Initially, thedisplay interface 555 (FIG. 5B) of the user-interface apparatus 505displays real-time images of a general area of interest (block 1505)captured using the MAST 111 (FIGS. 1, 5A and 6A-6D). For example, a usermay manually adjust the MAST 111 as described above in connection withFIGS. 6A and 6B to capture a real-time video feed of a general area ofinterest in which one or more media sites may be located. Alternatively,the example MAST configuration described above in connection with FIG.6C may be used so that a user can remotely control the position of theMAST 111 via the user-interface apparatus 505 (FIGS. 5A and 6C). In thismanner, the camera positioner interface 580 (FIG. 5B) can control thepan-tilt mechanism 525 (FIG. 5A) to position the field of view of thevideo camera 510 to capture real-time video of the general area ofinterest. In any case, de captured real-time images are communicated tothe user-interface apparatus 505, and the display interface 555 (FIG.5B) displays them to a user as shown in FIG. 6C.

A media site object of interest is then selected in the real-time images(lock 1510). For example, using a manually controlled MAST 111 asdescribed above in connection with FIGS. 6A and 6B, a user may visuallyidentify an advertisement object of interest and elect to gather sitedata about that advertisement object. Alternatively, using anautomatically positionable MAST 111 as described above in connectionwith FIG. 6C, a user may use the user-input interface 560 (FIG. 5B) ofthe example user-interface apparatus 505 to select a location on animage (e.g., a real-time video feed image) displayed via the displayinterface 555 (FIG. 5B) to specify an advertisement object to beautomatically visually located by the MAST 111.

The camera positioner interface 580 (FIG. 5B) of the user-interfaceapparatus 505 determines tilt and pan rotation angles and controls thepan-tilt mechanism 525 (FIG. 5A) to set a pan rotation and a tilt angleto aim the digital still picture camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 atthe selected media site object (block 1515). In the illustrated example,the camera positioner interface 580 sets the pan rotation and the tiltangle of the camera 515 and the rangefinder 520 by controlling thepan-tilt mechanism 525 to position the MAST 111 to position the field ofview of the digital still picture camera 515 (FIG. 5) so that theadvertisement object of interest is in substantially the center of thefield of view of the camera 515. Additionally or alternatively, the panrotation and the tilt angle of the camera 515 and the rangefinder 520can be controlled manually as described above in connection with FIGS.6A and 613. In some example implementations, the MAST 111 can beprovided with a manually controlled pan-tilt adjustment mechanism toallow a user to perform coarse position adjustments of the MAST 111 andcan also be provided with the electronic pan-tilt mechanism 525 toenable the camera positioner interface 580 to automatically control fineposition adjustments.

The rangefinder 520 (FIGS. 5A and 6A-6C) measures the distance to themedia site (block 1520). That is, the rangefinder 520 determines adistance value representative of a distance between the digital camera515 and the media site object of interest selected by the user. Thecamera controller 585 (FIG. 5B) of the user-interface apparatus 505determines a zoom level (block 1522) at which to set the digital camera515 to capture an image of the user-specified media site. In theillustrated example, the camera controller 585 determines the zoom levelbased on the distance measured by the rangefinder 520 at block 1520 sothat the digital camera 515 can capture at least a portion of the mediasite object specified by the user at block 1510. The camera controller585 then sets the zoom level of the digital camera 515 (block 1523) andtriggers the digital camera 515 to capture one or more images of themedia site (block 1525).

The user-interface apparatus 505 causes the UPS receiver 535 todetermine the current location of the MAST 111 (block 1530). The datainterface 570 (FIG. 5B) of the user-interface apparatus 505 stores thezoom level of the digital camera 515, the distance to the user-specifiedmedia site, the captured image(s), the pan and tilt angles of thedigital camera 515 and the rangefinder 520, the location information ofthe MAST 111 and a timestamp indicative of a time at which the digitalcamera 515 captured the media site image(s) (block 1535). Using the GPSlocation, the pan and tilt angles and the distance to the media site,the location information generator 590 (FIG. 5B) of the user-interfaceapparatus 505 determines the location of the media site (block 1540). Anexample manner in which the location information generator 590 candetermine location coordinates indicative of the location of the mediasite at block 1540 is described below in connection with FIG. 16. Theexample process of FIG. 15 ends by, for example, returning control tothe example process of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 illustrates a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systemshowing a plurality of dimensions that may be used to determine alocation of a media site 1602 based on a location of the MAST 111 at thetime it is used to capture an image of the media site 1602. In theillustrated example, a location (X1,Y1) of the MAST 111 (observer) isdesignated by reference numeral 1604, and a location (X2,Y2) of themedia site 1602 to be determined is designated by reference numeral1606. The dimensions used to determine the media site location (X2,Y2)1606 are shown in association with a right-angle triangle A and anotherright-angle triangle B overlaid on the Cartesian coordinate system. Afirst leg of the triangle A represents a MAST-to-media site grounddistance (G) extending between the MAST location 1604 and the media sitelocation 1606 and a second leg of the triangle A represents a height (H)of the media site. The MAST-to-media site ground distance (G) and themedia site height (H) are determined as described below in connectionwith equations 1 and 2. A hypotenuse of the triangle A represents arange (R) measured by the rangefinder 520 (FIG. 5) and extends from theMAST location 1604 to substantially the center of the media site 1602.An angle (Θ) between the second leg (G) and the hypotenuse (R) of thetriangle A represents a tilt angle (Θ) of the rangefinder 520 at thetime it measured the range R). The tilt angle (Θ) can be provided by thepan-tilt mechanism 525 (FIGS. 5A and 6C). Alternatively, in a manuallycontrolled MAST as depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the tilt angle (Θ) canbe provided by a tilt angle sensor (not shown) fixedly mounted relativeto the rangefinder 520. In this manner, as the rangefinder 520 istilted, the tilt angle sensor is also tilted by the same amount todetect the tilt angle of the rangefinder 520.

In the triangle B, a direction of travel line 1608 represents a headingof the MAST 111 (e.g., the heading of a vehicle carrying the MAST 111).A first angle (Φ1) defined by the travel line 1608 and a first leg ofthe triangle B represents the angular heading of the MAST 111 (e.g., thevehicle carrying the MAST 111) relative to an x-axis of the Cartesiancoordinate system (i.e., the MAST-travel angle (Φ1)). The MAST-travelangle (Φ1) can be provided by the digital compass 530 (FIGS. 5A and 6C)or the GPS receiver 535 (FIGS. 5A and 6A-6C). A second angle (φ2)defined by the travel line 1608 and a hypotenuse of the triangle Brepresents the angle of the rangefinder 520 relative to the heading ofthe MAST 111 (i.e., the rangefinder-MAST-heading angle (Φ2)). Therangefinder-MAST-heading angle (Φ2) can be provided by the pan-tiltmechanism 525 (FIGS. 5A and 6C). Alternatively, in a manually controlledMAST as depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the rangefinder-MAST-heading angle(Φ2) can be provided by the rotary encoder 635. An angle (α) defined bythe hypotenuse and the first leg of the triangle B represents the anglebetween the location (X2,Y2) of the media site 1602 and the x-axis ofthe Cartesian coordinate system. The angle (α) can be determined asdescribed below in connection with equation 3.

In the illustrated example, equation 1 below is used to determine theMAST-to-media site ground distance (G), and equation 2 below is used todetermine the media site height (H).G=(R)cosine(Θ)  Equation 1H=(R)sine(Θ)  Equation 2In equation 1 above, the MAST-to-media site ground distance (G) isdetermined by multiplying the MAST to media site range (R) by the cosineof the tilt angle (Θ). In equation 2 above, the media site height (H) isdetermined by multiplying the MAST to media site range (R) by the sineof the tilt angle (Θ).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 16 in which the media site 1602 islocated to the right of the direction of travel line 1608, equation 3below is used to determine the angle (α) between the location (X2,Y2) ofthe media site 1602 and the x-axis of the Cartesian coordinate system.In other examples in which the media site 1602 is located to the left ofthe direction of travel line 1608, equation 4 below is used instead ofequation 3 to determine the angle (α) between the location (X2,Y2) ofthe media site 1602 and the x-axis of the Cartesian coordinate system.α=Φ1+Φ2  Equation 3α=Φ1−Φ2  Equation 4

As shown in FIG. 16, the first leg of triangle B is labeled as (ΔX) andthe second leg is labeled as (ΔY). The distance of the first leg (ΔX)represents a distance extending between a right-angle intersection 1610of the first and second legs of triangle B and the location (X1,Y1) ofthe MAST 111 at a time at which the MAST 111 captured an image of themedia site 1602. The distance of the second leg (ΔY) represents adistance extending between the right-angle intersection 1610 and thelocation (X1,Y1) of the MAST 111. In the illustrated example, thedistance (ΔX) represented by the first leg is determined using equation5 below, and the distance (ΔY) represented by the second leg isdetermined using equation 6 below.ΔX=(G)cosine(α)  Equation 5ΔY=(G)sine(α)  Equation 6As shown in equation 5 above, the distance (ΔX) represented by the firstleg of triangle B is determined by multiplying the MAST-to-media siteground distance (G) by the cosine of the angle (α). As shown in equation6 above, the distance (ΔY) represented by the second leg of triangle Bis determined by multiplying the MAST-to-media site ground distance (G)by the sine of the angle (α).

In the illustrated example, the media site location (X2,Y2) 1606 isdetermined using equation 7 and 8 below.X2=X1+ΔX  Equation 7Y2=Y1+ΔY  Equation 8As shown above in equation 7 above, the x-axis location coordinate (X2)of the media site 1606 is determined by adding the x-axis locationcoordinate (X1) (1604) of the MAST 111 to the distance (ΔX) representedby the first leg of triangle B. As shown in equation 8 above, the y-axislocation coordinate (Y2) of the media site 1606 is determined by addingthe y-axis location coordinate (Y1) (1604) of the MAST 111 to thedistance (ΔY) represented by the second leg of triangle B.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1700 thatmay be used and/or programmed to implement any or all of the exampleMAST 111, the example site data merger 120 and/or the example surveyplanner 130 of FIGS. 1, 3, 5A and/or 7. For example, the processorplatform 1700 can be implemented by one or more general purposeprocessors, processor cores, microcontrollers, etc.

The processor platform 1700 of the example of FIG. 17 includes at leastone general purpose programmable processor 1705. The processor 1705executes coded instructions 1710 and/or 1712 present in main memory ofthe processor 1705 (e.g., within a RAM 1715 and/or a ROM 1720). Theprocessor 1705 may be any type of processing unit, such as a processorcore, a processor and/or a microcontroller. The processor 1705 mayexecute, among other things, the example processes of FIGS. 11-15 toimplement the example MAST 111, the example site data merger 120 and/orthe example survey planner 130 described herein. The processor 1705 isin communication with the main memory (including a ROM 1720 and/or theRAM 1715) via a bus 1725. The RAM 1715 may be implemented by DRAM,SDRAM, and/or any other type of RAM device, and ROM may be implementedby flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Accessto the memory 1715 and 1720 may be controlled by a memory controller(not shown). The RAM 1715 may be used to store and/or implement, forexample, one or more audible messages used by an interactive voiceresponse system and/or one or more user interfaces.

The processor platform 1700 also includes an interface circuit 1730. Theinterface circuit 1730 may be implemented by any type of interfacestandard, such as a USB interface, a Bluetooth interface, an externalmemory interface, serial port, general purpose input/output, etc. One ormore input devices 1735 and one or more output devices 1740 areconnected to the interface circuit 1730. The input devices 1735 and/oroutput devices 1740 may be used to implement, for example, the exampledisplays 320 and 720 of FIGS. 3 and 7.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example auditing system 1800 to auditoutdoor or indoor signage. The example auditing system 1800 is amodified version of the MAST 111 described above. In the illustratedexample, the MAST 111 is still mounted on a vehicle and structured asshown in FIG. 5A. However, the user interface apparatus 505 is modifiedto perform one or more automatic signage auditing tasks. For instance,in an outdoor advertising auditing implementation, the apparatus 505 isprogrammed with the location(s) of one or more outdoor signs to beaudited. These location(s) can be identified by, for example, geocodes.The user interface apparatus 505 is further provided with navigationsoftware to provide turn-by-turn directions to guide a driver of thevehicle carrying the modified MAST 111 to guide the vehicle to thesignage to be audited. Alternatively, the user interface apparatus 505may provide directions to any operator carrying the modified MAST 111 invirtually any environment in which an automobile may be impractical orprohibited, whether indoor or outdoor, such as, for example, in a denseurban setting, a supermarket, a stadium, an amusement park, anamphitheatre, an airport, a train station, a subway, a bus, a shoppingmall, or anywhere else signage may appear. In the alternativeimplementations, the apparatus 505 is programmed with the locations ofthe signage to be audited. For indoor applications, mapping systemsother than GPS band systems may be utilized.

When the modified MAST 111 reaches a location of a sign to be audited,the modified MAST 111 uses the pan/tilt mechanism 525 to point a highresolution camera 515 at the location of the sign. The camera 515 isthen actuated to take a first high resolution photograph of the signbeing audited. The geocodes provided by the UPS receiver 535 at the timeof the first photograph are recorded in association with the firstphotograph. Similarly, the pan/tilt angles of the camera and/or thedate(s) and time(s) at which the photographs are taken are recorded inassociation with the first photograph. The geographic locationinformation allows triangulation of the site's geographic location.

The user interface apparatus 505 then waits for the MAST 111 to move adistance to a second location wherein the sign is expected to still bewithin photographic range of the camera 515. The modified MAST 111 againuses the pan/tilt mechanism 525 to adjust the camera 515 and point thehigh resolution camera 515 at the location of the sign. The camera 515is then actuated to take a second high resolution photograph of the signbeing audited. The geocodes provided by the GPS receiver 535 at the timeof the second photograph are recorded in association with the secondphotograph. Similarly, the pan/tilt angles of the camera and/or thedate(s) and time(s) at which the photographs are taken are recorded inassociation with the second photograph.

The user interface apparatus 505 then directs the operator to the nextlocation/sign to be audited.

The collected photographs and associated data are then used to comparethe actual signage photographed to the signage identified in a database.For example, billboard owners are often paid a fee to display anadvertisement (e.g., an advertisement for Movie A) on particularbillboard(s) (e.g., a billboard at intersection B) for particular dates(e.g., the month of June, 2008). A database is created reflecting theidentity of the advertisement, the billboard(s) on which it is to bedisplayed, and the time frame. The photographs and geographic locationinformation collected by the modified MAST 111 can then be automaticallyand/or manually compared against the data in the database to determinewhether the billboard owner is in fact complying with the requirementsof the advertisement purchase. To ensure this comparison is meaningful(e.g., to avoid tampering by the billboard owner), the database ispreferably maintained by the advertiser and/or by a neutral third party(e.g., The Nielsen Company) who is provided with the relevant data bythe advertiser, the advertising agency, the billboard owner and/or anyother entity. In this example, the information provided to the neutralthird party is at least partially based on a contract to provideadvertising services via, at least in part, indoor and/or outdoorsignage. In this way, the neutral third party can develop, provideand/or sell reports verifying that billboard owners are meeting theircontractual obligations. In addition, the neutral third party canprovide reports reflecting the condition(s) of the various signage toensure that the advertisement is being displayed at a sufficient (e.g.,contracted for) quality level.

As mentioned above, the photographs and geographic location informationcollected by the modified MAST 111 can be automatically and/or manuallycompared against the data in the database to determine whether thebillboard owner is in fact complying with the requirements of theadvertisement purchase. Automatic comparison can be performed usingimage recognition techniques. For example, optical character recognitioncan be employed to detect one or more logos appearing in the photographsof the signage. Methods and apparatus to recognize logos are describedin U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/986,723, filed on Nov. 9, 2007and entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Measure Brand Exposure in MediaStreams,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.Alternatively or additionally, a manual visual comparison of thephotographs collected by the modified MAST 111 can be compared to astored image of the advertisement expected to be carried by the signageto verify compliance.

In other examples, the modified MAST 111 is used to collect other typesof information from indoor or outdoor signage. For instance, in someexamples a technique similar to that described above is employed tocollect images of movable letter signage at fuel or petroleum (e.g.,gas) stations with the modified MAST 111. The gas prices appearing onthe signage photographed by the MAST 111 can be recognized using opticalcharacter recognition analysis to develop lists, statistics and/oreconomic indicators about gas prices and/or other economic indicatorssuch as, for example, oil prices, oil supplies, a recession, currencyvalues, consumer confidence, or any other bellwether or index thatcorrelates, even remotely, with the price of fuel. For example,statistics indicating the average gas price in a particular geographiclocation (a city, village, neighborhood, state, country, etc.), theaverage gas prices for particular retailers (e.g., British Petroleum(BP), Conoco, etc), can be calculated. If enough modified MAST 111systems are employed, the gas price statistics can be developed in nearreal time so that the data is extremely current. The gas pricestatistics, including, for example, the best gas prices in a particularregion, can be published in any form to assist consumers in theirpurchase decisions. For example, the gas price numbers can be broadcastvia the Internet and downloaded to consumers in their automobiles via,for instance, satellite, wifi, or any other broadcast medium. In someexamples, the downloaded information is integrated into navigationsystems in the automobiles to guide or direct consumers to a particularfuel station that has low-priced gas.

Other examples of auditing movable letter signage abound. For instance,in some examples, the modified MAST 111 is utilized to photograph movietheater signage to collect data concerning motion pictures. The datacollected could be used to determine the number of movie theatersrunning a particular movie (e.g., a geographic area of interest), thelength of time a given movie remains in theaters, etc. In addition, thedata collected by the modified MAST 111 could be used to create reportsthat enable movie distributors to verify that they are receivingappropriate compensation from movie theaters (e.g., movie theaters arenot running movies outside of—e.g., before or after—the contracted fortime frame). In such verification examples, the photographs taken by theMAST 111 are preferably date and time stamped to facilitate comparisonto appropriate contract terms and/or payment records. For example, thisexample method of monitoring the distribution of motion pictures may beused to detect whether royalties were paid for showing the motionpicture on a particular date and to generate a report based on thedetection. In addition, unauthorized distribution of a motion picturemay also be detected.

In other example implementations, the modified MAST 111 is used to auditthe condition of signage to enable a signage provider to determine whensignage is in need of repair or replacement. For example, governmentalagencies charged with providing road signage (e.g., the US. Departmentof Transportation, etc.) are sometimes responsible for maintainingthousands of signs over thousands of miles of roadways. By programmingthe modified MAST 111 with the location(s) of the sign(s) to bemonitored, the example auditing system is adapted to survey thecondition of road signs and identify signs in need of repair orreplacement. The process described above (i.e., taking photographs withthe modified MAST 111 of the expected position of the road sign(s) andanalyzing the photographs) can be used to determine which, if anysign(s) are in need of attention. Damaged signs can be detected bycomparing the photograph of the sign to a recorded image of the expectedappearance of the sign. The modified MAST 111 may also be used to auditthe environment proximate a road sign. For example, as described herein,if a road sign is obscured by fallen debris or any other growth ofvegetation, the environment proximate the road sign may need to becleared. Furthermore, the modified MAST 111 may also be used to surveyroad signs and audit the road signs to determine if the road signscontain current information. When new streets, access ramps and/ortraffic patterns, for example, are created, road signs typically need tobe updated to reflect the change. If a road sign has been overlooked andleft unchanged, the outdated signage may be located by methods andapparatus described herein. Other road signs in need of attention may besurveyed as well. Also, as explained above, these comparisons can befully automated, partially automated or manual.

In yet another example implementation, the modified MAST 111A and/orrelated methods may be used with a service such, as for example Google®Earth mapping or “Street View” services. Through such service, a usercould contract, for example via the Internet, for a vehicle or otheroperator to pass by and automatically or otherwise capture highresolution images of a particular location such as, for example, ahouse, a stretch of road, a lot of land, etc. The service may providethe user with the images (e.g., still or video) substantiallyinstantaneously (e.g., via the Internet or a wireless communicationsservice) or at a later time and/or date. This implementation may be usedby a user to for a multitude of purposes including, for example,monitoring a house or other property the user has for sale, monitoring ahouse or other property the user is considering buying, checking onhotels the user is considering visiting, monitoring the user's own homewhile away on vacation or business, etc. Furthermore, mortgage companiesor other business may use the service to monitor or investigate generalor specific conditions of their current or prospective holdings.

In a further example implementation, a business may use the modifiedMAST 111A and/or related methods to monitor its franchises and/or itscompetition. For example, a business such as McDonalds® could use orcontract use of the modified MAST 111A and/or related methods to haveimages or videos of one or more restaurant location(s) captured tomonitor an appearance of the restaurant(s). Also, a business such as,for example, Blockbuster® could use or contract use of the modified MAST111A and/or related methods to have its competition video/photographedfor market research purposes. Furthermore, in the exampleimplementations in which use of the modified MAST 111A and/or relatedmethods is contracted through a service provider, for example on an “ondemand” basis, the modified MAST 111A may be mounted, for example, ontaxi cabs and the dispatching (i.e., implementation of the service)could be a passenger-less “filler” task between paying fares.

The example signage auditing system 1800, details of which of are shownin FIG. 18, may be used to audit a media site to verify that informationrecorded about the media site such as, for example, tee informationstored in the site database 105 described above, is accurate and/or toverify that the media site is being operated in accordance withcontractually agreed terms. For example, the system 1800 may be used toverify that a media site is in the exact location described to anadvertiser, is illuminated, contains certain names, trademarks, words,characters, images, prices, or other indicia, is a particular type ofsignage or other advertisement, etc.

The example system 1800 includes a controller 1805 that may include, inwhole or in part, the survey planner 130 described above. The controller1805 determines one or more media location(s) to be surveyed or audited.Data associated with the media sites to be surveyed is stored in amemory, which may include at least some of the data detailed above withrespect to the site database 105 and/or the data described above withrespect to FIG. 2 including, for example, a recorded location of themedia site, a recorded condition of the media site, a sign type and/orrecorded indicia (e.g., an expected advertisement), as detailed herein.

The example system 1800 further includes a modified MAST 111A. Themodified MAST 111A is substantially similar to the MAST 111 describedabove in connection with FIGS. 5A and 5B. However, the example modifiedMAST 111A of FIG. 18 has been modified to include an instructor 1815.The instructor 1815 instructs a person driving a vehicle or personcarrying the modified MAST 111A, (e.g., an employee or contractor of anadvertiser or a third party auditing company), to a location at orproximate the indoor or outdoor signage to be surveyed. The location(s)to be surveyed are supplied by the modified MAST 111A using any suitablecommunications media (e.g., a wired or wireless connection, via theInternet, etc.). The instructor 1815 of the illustrated example includesand/or interfaces with a navigation program and a database of streetmaps. The navigation program utilizes the location information providedby the GPS receiver 535 and the street maps to provide directions to theperson moving the modified MAST 111A through any suitable audio orvisual signal. Once the MAST 111A is within photographic range of amedia site to be photographed, the pan/tilt mechanism 525 of themodified MAST 111A directs the camera 515 to capture a first image ofthe media site. The modified MAST 111A includes a memory or storagemedium to record the photograph in association with the position of thecamera 1820. In the illustrated example, the modified MAST 111A recordsthe geocode of the precise location of where the first image wascaptured. Once the first image is captured, the instructor 1815instructs the driver to move to a second location at or proximate thesame media site to be surveyed. The second location is different thanthe first location. Once the modified MAST 111A is in the secondlocation, the MAST 111A once again directs the camera to a certain tilt,pan, zoom, etc. to capture a second image of the media site to besurveyed. The MAST 111A also records the position (e.g., the geocode) ofthe second location.

The modified MAST 111A transfers the data it collects to a comparator1835. The modified MAST 111A can be communicatively coupled to thecomparator 1835 and/or the controller 1805 using any past, present orfuture networking and/or communication technology. In the illustratedexample, the comparator 1835 is implemented by a central facility of anauditing company that collects and analyzes data from a plurality ofmodified MASTs 111A.

The comparator 1835 can process the data collected by the MAST(s) 111Ain any manner suitable for the intended application. For example, if theapplication is to verify the location of a media site such as abillboard, the comparator 1835 reviews the first and second photographstaken by the modified MAST 111A of the location of the media siterecorded in the database. In other words, the MAST 111A captures imagesof the location where the media site is supposed to be. If the mediasite is at or near the recorded location, the media site will appear inboth the first and the second images. If the media site is not shown inboth of the images, then the comparator 1835 concludes that the locationof the media site is incorrectly recorded in the database. To determinethe actual location of the media site, when the media site does appearin both the first and the second images, the comparator 1835 processesthe data from both the first and the second images with, for example,the triangulation techniques described above.

If the system 1800 is being utilized for another purpose such asverifying that an advertisement is being displayed at a billboard inaccordance with an agreed contract, then the comparator 1835 analyzesone or both of the photographs taken by the modified MAST 111A of thebillboard in question against an image of hie advertisement that isexpected to be displayed on the billboard to determine a match or a lackof a match and, thus, perform the desired verification.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example system 1800of FIG. 18. The example process of FIG. 19 may be performed using aprocessor, a controller and/or any other suitable processing device. Forexample, the example process of FIG. 19 may be implemented in codedinstructions stored on a tangible medium such as a flash memory, aread-only memory (ROM) and/or random-access memory (RAM) associated witha processor (e.g., the example processor 1705 discussed below inconnection with FIG. 17). Alternatively, some or all of the exampleprocess of FIG. 19 may be implemented using any combination(s) ofapplication specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logicdevice(s) (PLD(s)), field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)),discrete logic, hardware, firmware, etc. Also, some or all of theexample process of FIG. 19 may be implemented manually or as anycombination(s) of any of the foregoing techniques, for example, anycombination of firmware, software, discrete logic and/or hardware.Further, although the example process of FIG. 19 is described withreference to the flowchart of FIG. 19, other methods of implementing theprocess of FIG. 19 may be employed. For example, the order of executionof the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may bechanged, eliminated, sub-divided, or combined. Additionally, any or allof the example process of FIG. 19 may be performed sequentially and/orin parallel by, for example, separate processing threads, processors,devices, discrete logic, circuits, etc.

The example process of FIG. 19 begins with determining one or more mediasites to be surveyed or audited (block 1905). The geocodes and otherrecorded data for each media site in the list of the media sites to besurveyed is uploaded (block 1910), for example, into a memory of themodified MAST 111A. Mile following example assumes the modified MAST111A is mounted on a roof of a vehicle. As noted above, other examplesdo utilize not a vehicle).

The instructor 1815 directs the driver of a vehicle or other operatorcarrying the MAST 111A to a location that is within a certain range ofthe recorded location of the media site (block 1915). The instructionsmay be in the form of any type of audio and/or visual signals. Forexample, the instructions may be played through speakers by navigationsoftware associated with the MAST 111A. In addition, the instructionsmay be provided in any level of detail including, for example,turn-by-turn instructions to explicitly guide the operator to therecorded location.

After it is determined that the image capture device is within a certainrange of the recorded location of the media site (block 1920), themodified MAST 111A adjusts the settings of the image capture device(e.g., tilt, pan, zoom, as detailed above), a first image of therecorded location is captured, and the location (e.g., geocodes) of thelocation from which the first image was captured is recorded (block1925). As noted above, the captured image may be a still image, a video,a sound, a high resolution photograph, etc. In addition, other data(e.g., a timestamp) may be recorded as well.

Next, the instructor 1815 directs the operator to travel a shortdistance (block 1930) to a second location. The second location is alsowithin photographic range of the recorded location of the media site.The image capture device settings are adjusted, a second image iscaptured of the recorded location of the media site from the secondlocation, and the location of the second location (e.g., geocodes)and/or the MAST 111A at the time of the photograph is recorded (block1935). As noted above, the captured image may be a still image, a video,a sound, a high resolution photograph, etc. In addition, other data(e.g., a timestamp) may be recorded as well.

The example process also determines if another media site is to beaudited (block 1940). If so control returns to block 1915. If no oiliermedia sites are to be audited, control advances to block 1945.

Characteristics of the recorded location of the media site aredetermined from the first and/or second images (block 1945). Forexample, the actual location of the media site may be calculated throughone or more triangulation techniques. In addition, any or all of thecondition of the media site, the indicia included on the media site,and/or the type of media presented on the media site, may be determinedfrom the first and/or second images. The characteristics of the mediasite are compared to the recorded characteristics (block 1950) by, forexample the comparator 1835. The comparison determines the accuracy ofthe recorded data (e.g., the data saved in the databases 105, 1810detailed above) and/or whether the state of the media site matches anexpected condition. If there is a discrepancy between an actualcharacteristic of the media site and the recorded data about the mediasite, the recorded data may be updated and/or a report of thediscrepancy can be generated and/or sold. In addition, althoughdescribed as occurring at the computer 1835, the determination of thecharacteristics of the recorded location of the media site (block 1945)and the comparison (block 1950) may occur at the first location, thesecond location, or anywhere else and at any time.

Information about any discrepancies may be particularly important, forexample to advertisers. For example, an advertiser who paid for abillboard at a specific location off of a highway that is to beilluminated during certain hours for a specific number of weeks or dayswould be interested in any data about the actual characteristics of themedia site. For example, if the billboard is not illuminated, thebillboard may be visible to passing traffic for less than the agreedtime every day. Also, if a billboard is obstructed by overgrownvegetation, the billboard may be less valuable to advertisers. Theexample process may also be used by media outlets, consumer advocacygroups and/or other companies for intelligence gathering such as, forexample, to survey the price of gas at one or more gas stations, todetermine information about the advertising strategies of one or morecompetitors, etc.

The processor platform 1700 shown and described in connection with FIG.17 can be used to execute the instructions of FIG. 19 to implement thesystem of FIG. 18.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacturehave been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is notlimited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods,apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope ofthe appended claims either literally or under the doctrine ofequivalents.

1. A method to audit media site data, the method comprising: determininga media site to be surveyed, the media site having a recorded location;directing an operator to a first data location; adjusting a pan and tiltmechanism to point an image capturing device towards the recordedlocation and capturing a first image of the media site at the recordedlocation from the first data location; directing the operator to asecond data location; adjusting the pan and tilt mechanism to point theimage capturing device towards the recorded location and capturing asecond image of the media site at the recorded location from the seconddata location; calculating an actual location of the media site based ondata from the first image and the second image; and comparing therecorded location and the actual location to determine the accuracy ofthe recorded location.
 2. A method as defined in claim 1, furthercomprising recording a pan angle and a tilt angle of the image capturingdevice associated with the capture of the first image.
 3. A method asdefined in claim 1, further comprising recording a first geocodeassociated with the first data location and a second geocode associatedwith the second data location, wherein using data from the first imageand the second image to calculate the actual location of the media sitecomprises performing triangulation using the first and second geocodes.4. A system to audit media site data, the system comprising: a memory tostore a recorded location of a media site to be audited; an instructorto provide instructions to guide an operator to a first data locationand a second data location; an image capturing device to automaticallycapture a first image of the media site at the recorded location fromthe first data location and a second image of the media site at therecorded location from the second data location; a pan and tiltmechanism to adjust the image capturing device to a first pan and afirst tilt to capture the first image and to a second pan and a secondtilt to capture the second image; and a comparator to calculate anactual location based on data from the first image, the second image,and the pan and tilt mechanism, and to compare the recorded location andthe actual location to determine the accuracy of the recorded location.5. A system as defined in claim 4, further comprising a GPS receiver toreceive geocodes of the first data location and the second datalocation, the actual location being calculated through triangulationbased on the first and second geocodes.
 6. A system as defined in claim4, wherein the comparator uses data from one or more of the first imageor the second image to determine an actual characteristic of the mediasite and compares the actual characteristic to a recorded characteristicstored in the memory.
 7. A system as defined in claim 6, wherein thecharacteristic is a location, a state of illumination, an environmentalcondition, a condition of nearby vegetation, a type of sign, a conditionof sign, a text, a picture, a character, an image, a price, a direction,a trademark, a logo, a date, a time, an advertising requirement, acontract term, or a quality.
 8. A method to audit signage comprising:directing an operator to a signage location; detecting a boundary of thesignage; adjusting a pan and tilt mechanism to position an imagecapturing device toward the signage based on the detected boundary ofthe signage; capturing an image of signage at the signage location;detecting an actual characteristic of the signage based on the image;and comparing the actual characteristic to an expected characteristic.9. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the expected characteristicincludes a recorded location, and further comprising: determining anactual location of the signage based on the image; and comparing theactual location with the recorded location to verify the recordedlocation.
 10. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein the expectedcharacteristic includes a recorded condition of the media site andfurther comprising: determining a current condition of the signage basedon the image; and comparing the current condition with the recordedcondition to verify the recorded condition.
 11. A method as defined inclaim 8, wherein the expected characteristic includes recorded indiciaand further comprising: determining the actual indicia of the signagebased on the image; and comparing the actual indicia with the recordedindicia to determine if the recorded indicia was actually presented onthe signage.
 12. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein the indicia isone or more of a text, a picture, a character, an image, a price, adirection, a trademark, a logo or a sign type.
 13. A method as definedin claim 11, further comprising recording a time and date when capturingthe image of the signage.
 14. A method as defined in claim 11, furthercomprising recording a geocode of the signage location.
 15. A system toaudit signage comprising: an instructor to direct an operator to asignage location; an image capturing device to capture an image of asign at the signage location; a pan and tilt mechanism to adjust theimage capturing device based on a size of the sign at the signagelocation; and a comparator to compare an actual characteristic of thesign based on the image to an expected characteristic.
 16. A system asdefined in claim 15, wherein the expected characteristic comprises arecorded location of the sign, and the actual characteristic comprisesan actual location of the sign.
 17. A system as defined in claim 15,wherein the expected characteristic comprises a recorded condition ofthe sign, and the actual characteristic comprises a current condition ofthe sign.
 18. A system as defined in claim 15, wherein the expectedcharacteristic comprises recorded indicia of the sign, and the actualcharacteristic comprises actual indicia of the sign, and wherein thecomparator compares the actual indicia with the recorded indicia todetermine if the recorded indicia was actually presented on the sign.19. A system as defined in claim 18, wherein the indicia comprises oneor more of a text, a picture, a character, an image, a price, adirection, a trademark, a logo or a sign type.
 20. A system as definedin claim 15 further comprising a processor to record a date and timewhen capturing an image of the sign.
 21. A system as defined in claim15, further comprising a receiver to obtain a geocode of the signagelocation.